适应推

.clang-format

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 BasedOnStyle: llvm
 # https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html
 # https://www.cnblogs.com/PaulpauL/p/5929753.html
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ SortUsingDeclarations: Lexicographic
 SpaceAfterCStyleCast: true
 SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false # WSO
 SpaceAroundPointerQualifiers: Before # WSO
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 0 # Better 1; 0 ok, 2+ better not.
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1 # Better 1; 0 ok, 2+ better not.
 Standard: Latest
 TabWidth: 2 # 4 or 2, WSO
 # UseTab possible values:

.clang-tidy

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+Checks: >
+  *,
+  -altera-id-dependent-backward-branch,
+  -altera-struct-pack-align,
+  -altera-unroll-loops,
+  -boost-*,
+  -bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition,
+  -bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters,
+  -bugprone-forward-declaration-namespace,
+  -bugprone-reserved-identifier,
+  -bugprone-unhandled-exception-at-new,
+  -cert-err58-cpp,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-*,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-init-variables,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-rvalue-reference-param-not-moved,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-virtual-class-destructor,
+  -fuchsia-default-arguments-*,
+  -fuchsia-overloaded-operator,
+  -fuchsia-statically-constructed-objects,
+  -fuchsia-trailing-return,
+  -google-build-using-namespace,
+  -google-default-arguments,
+  -google-explicit-constructor,
+  -google-runtime-int,
+  -hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,
+  -hicpp-explicit-conversions,
+  -hicpp-member-init,
+  -hicpp-signed-bitwise,
+  -hicpp-use-auto,
+  -llvm-header-guard,
+  -llvm-include-order,
+  -llvmlibc-*,
+  -misc-include-cleaner,
+  -misc-misplaced-const,
+  -misc-unused-parameters,
+  -misc-use-internal-linkage,
+  -modernize-avoid-c-arrays,
+  -modernize-return-braced-init-list,
+  -modernize-use-auto,
+  -modernize-use-designated-initializers,
+  -modernize-use-ranges,
+  -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
+  -modernize-use-using,
+  -performance-avoid-endl,
+  -performance-enum-size,
+  -performance-no-int-to-ptr,
+  -readability-avoid-unconditional-preprocessor-if,
+  -readability-braces-around-statements,
+  -readability-convert-member-functions-to-static,
+  -readability-function-cognitive-complexity,
+  -readability-identifier-length,
+  -readability-implicit-bool-conversion,
+  -readability-isolate-declaration,
+  -readability-magic-numbers,
+  -readability-math-missing-parentheses,
+  -readability-redundant-member-init,
+  -readability-use-std-min-max,
+  -*-braces-around-statements,
+  -*-exception-escape,
+  -*-named-parameter,
+  -*-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,
+  -*-special-member-functions,
+  -*-uppercase-literal-suffix

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,39 +5,46 @@ add_definitions(-DUNICODE)
 add_definitions(-D_UNICODE)
 add_definitions(-DCINTERFACE)
 add_definitions(-D__CARLBEKS_CMAKE_VSCODE__)
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 26)
 set(CMAKE_WIN32_EXECUTABLE true)
 if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
     add_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME} -Wno-microsoft-string-literal-from-predefined)
 endif ()
-#add_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME} /utf-8)
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
+    add_compile_options(/source-charset:utf-8)
+    add_compile_options(/execution-charset:utf-8)
+endif ()
+add_compile_options(/Zc:preprocessor)
 
 include(CTest)
 enable_testing()
 
-add_executable(${PROJECT_NAME} main.cpp
-        def.h
-        InteractManager.cpp
-        InteractManager.h
-        Renderer.cpp
-        Renderer.h
-        Game.cpp
-        Game.h
-        Window.cpp
-        Window.h
-        Hud.cpp
-        Hud.h
-        includes.h
-        IText.h
-        Chars.h
-        IText.cpp
-        xWindows.h
-        exception.h
-        def.cpp
-        TestCode.h
-        TextureManager.cpp
-        TextureManager.h
-        exception.cpp)
+add_executable(${PROJECT_NAME}
+        src/main.cpp
+
+        src/def.cpp
+        src/utils/File.cpp
+        src/utils/exception.cpp
+
+        src/interact/InteractManager.cpp
+        src/utils/IText.cpp
+        src/game/world/Location.cpp
+        src/render/Renderer.cpp
+        src/render/TextureManager.cpp
+        src/ui/Hud.cpp
+        src/ui/Window.cpp
+
+        src/game/Game.cpp
+        src/game/entity/Entity.cpp
+        src/game/entity/Player.cpp
+)
 set(CPACK_PROJECT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME})
 set(CPACK_PROJECT_VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION})
+
+set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/../exenv/")
+set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_DEBUG "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/../exenv/")
+set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_RELEASE "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/../exenv/")
+set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/../exenv/")
+
 include(CPack)
+

Game.cpp

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#include "Game.h"
-
-
-void Game::initialize() noexcept { renderer.setGame(game); }
-
-Game::Game() : floatWindow{ new FloatWindow() } { Logger.put(L"Game created"); }
-
-Game::~Game() { delete floatWindow; }
-
-inline Game game = Game();

Game.h

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "Hud.h"
-#include "Window.h"
-
-class Game : public IRenderable {
-	friend void gameThread();
-	Hud hud = Hud();
-	Window* window = nullptr;
-	FloatWindow* floatWindow;
-	QWORD currentTick = 0;
-public:
-	explicit Game();
-	~Game() override;
-	static void initialize() noexcept;
-
-	void render() const noexcept override {
-		renderer.gameStartRender();
-		hud.render();
-		if (window) window->render();
-		if (floatWindow) floatWindow->render();
-		renderer.gameEndRender();
-	}
-
-	int setWindow(Window* window) noexcept {
-		if (this->window == window) Success();
-		if (this->window) this->window->onClose();
-		this->window = nullptr;
-		if (window && window->onOpen()) {
-			this->window = window;
-			Success();
-		}
-		Failed();
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] Window* getWindow() const noexcept { return window; }
-	[[nodiscard]] QWORD getTick() const noexcept { return currentTick; }
-
-	void tick() noexcept {
-		++currentTick;
-		hud.tick();
-		if (window) window->tick();
-		if (floatWindow) floatWindow->tick();
-	}
-};
-
-extern Game game;

IText.cpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
-//
-
-#include "IText.h"
-
-#include "def.h"
-
-const String& TranslatableText::getText() const noexcept {
-	refreshText();
-	return target->getText();
-}
-
-const RenderableString& TranslatableText::getRenderableString() const noexcept {
-	refreshText();
-	return target->getRenderableString();
-}
-
-void TranslatableText::refreshText() const noexcept {
-	if (target == nullptr || langConfig == translator.getConfigVersion()) {
-		target = translator.getText(idSrc);
-		langConfig = translator.getConfigVersion();
-	}
-}
-
-

IText.h

@@ -1,395 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-16.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-#include "Chars.h"
-#include "def.h"
-
-class LiteralText;
-class Translator;
-
-/**
- * 注意一些默认值。
- * FontID=0，表示继承使用默认字体；
- * color和background=0xffffffff，表示继承使用默认颜色；
- */
-class RenderableString {
-	friend class LiteralText;
-
-	struct StringConfig {
-		String text;
-		/**
-		 * 注意。-1也即0xffffffff被用于标记使用传入的默认颜色。
-		 * 其余，以0xAARRGGBB的形式标记颜色。
-		 */
-		unsigned int color = -1;
-		/**
-		 * 注意。-1也即0xffffffff被用于标记使用传入的默认颜色。
-		 * 其余，以0xAARRGGBB的形式标记颜色。
-		 */
-		unsigned int background = -1;
-		wchar idFont = 0;
-		bool bold = false;
-		bool italic = false;
-		bool underline = false;
-		bool strikeThrough = false;
-
-		explicit StringConfig() = default;
-
-		void reset() noexcept {
-			idFont = 0;
-			color = -1;
-			background = -1;
-			bold = false;
-			italic = false;
-			underline = false;
-			strikeThrough = false;
-		}
-
-		[[nodiscard]] StringConfig copyConfig() const noexcept {
-			StringConfig ret;
-			ret.idFont = idFont;
-			ret.color = color;
-			ret.background = background;
-			ret.bold = bold;
-			ret.italic = italic;
-			ret.underline = underline;
-			ret.strikeThrough = strikeThrough;
-			return ret;
-		}
-
-		[[nodiscard]] StringConfig copy() const noexcept {
-			StringConfig ret;
-			ret.idFont = idFont;
-			ret.text = text;
-			ret.idFont = idFont;
-			ret.color = color;
-			ret.background = background;
-			ret.bold = bold;
-			ret.italic = italic;
-			ret.underline = underline;
-			ret.strikeThrough = strikeThrough;
-			return ret;
-		}
-
-		[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept {
-			String ret;
-			ret.append(L"#");
-			ret.append(uitowb16(color));
-			ret.append(L".");
-			ret.append(uitowb16(background));
-			ret.append(L",F");
-			ret.append(std::to_wstring(idFont));
-			ret.append(L",");
-			if (bold) ret.append(L"=");
-			if (italic) ret.append(L"/");
-			if (underline) ret.append(L"_");
-			if (strikeThrough) ret.append(L"-");
-			ret.append(L":");
-			ret.append(text);
-			return ret;
-		}
-	};
-
-	List<StringConfig> configs;
-	using Iterator = List<StringConfig>::iterator;
-	using ConstIterator = List<StringConfig>::const_iterator;
-
-public:
-	explicit RenderableString(const String& string): RenderableString(string.c_str(), string.length()) {}
-	explicit RenderableString(String&& string) : RenderableString(string.c_str(), string.length()) {}
-
-	explicit RenderableString(const wchar* const string, const QWORD length = static_cast<QWORD>(-1)) {
-		if (length == -1) parseAppend(string);
-		else parseAppend(string, length);
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept {
-		String ret;
-		for (const auto& config : configs) {
-			ret.append(config.toString());
-			ret.append(L";\n");
-		}
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	RenderableString& append(const RenderableString& other) {
-		auto iterator = other.configs.cbegin();
-		int flags = 0;
-		bool clr = true, bg = true, font = true;
-		unsigned int color = configs.back().color;
-		unsigned int background = configs.back().background;
-		wchar idFont = configs.back().idFont;
-		while (iterator != other.configs.cend()) {
-			if (flags >= 3) break;
-			StringConfig config = iterator->copy();
-			if (font) {
-				if (config.idFont == idFont || config.idFont != 0) {
-					font = false;
-					++flags;
-				} else config.idFont = idFont;
-			}
-			if (clr) {
-				if (config.color == color || config.color != 0xffffffff) {
-					clr = false;
-					++flags;
-				} else config.color = color;
-			}
-			if (bg) {
-				if (config.background == background || config.background != 0xffffffff) {
-					bg = false;
-					++flags;
-				} else config.background = background;
-			}
-			configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-			++iterator;
-		}
-		while (iterator != other.configs.cend()) configs.push_back(iterator->copy());
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	RenderableString& append(const String& other) {
-		parseAppend(other.c_str(), other.length());
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-private:
-	void parseAppend(const wchar* string) noexcept {
-		StringConfig config;
-		if (!configs.empty()) {
-			config = configs.back();
-			configs.pop_back();
-		}
-		while (*string != L'\0') {
-			const wchar* start = string;
-			if (!config.text.empty()) {
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				config = config.copyConfig();
-			}
-			while (*string != L'\0' && *string != '\\') ++string;
-			if (*string == L'\0') {
-				if (*start != L'\0') config.text.append(start, string);
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				return;
-			}
-			if (start != string) config.text.append(start, string);
-			if (*++string == L'\0') {
-				config.text.append(start, string);
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				return;
-			}
-			if (!config.text.empty()) {
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				config = config.copyConfig();
-			}
-			switch (*string) {
-				case L'\\':
-					config.text.append(1, L'\\');
-					++string;
-					continue;
-				case L'#': {
-					unsigned long long i = 0;
-					while (i < 9) if (string[i++] == L'\0') goto end;
-					config.color = wtouib16(++string, 8);
-					string += 8;
-					continue;
-				}
-				case L'.': {
-					unsigned long long i = 0;
-					while (i < 9) if (string[i++] == L'\0') goto end;
-					config.background = wtouib16(++string, 8);
-					string += 8;
-					continue;
-				}
-				case L'F':
-				case L'f':
-					if (*++string == L'\0') goto end;
-					config.idFont = *string;
-					break;
-				case L'-':
-				case L's':
-				case L'S':
-					config.strikeThrough = true;
-					break;
-				case L'_':
-				case L'u':
-				case L'U':
-					config.underline = true;
-					break;
-				case L'/':
-				case L'i':
-				case L'I':
-					config.italic = true;
-					break;
-				case L'=':
-				case L'b':
-				case L'B':
-					config.bold = true;
-					break;
-				case L'r':
-				case L'R':
-					if (!config.text.empty()) configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-					config = StringConfig();
-					break;
-				default:
-					config.text.append(string - 1, 2);
-					break;
-			}
-			++string;
-		}
-	end:
-		configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-	}
-
-	void parseAppend(const wchar* string, const QWORD length) noexcept {
-		StringConfig config = StringConfig();
-		if (!configs.empty()) {
-			config = configs.back();
-			configs.pop_back();
-		}
-		const wchar* const end = string + length;
-		while (string < end) {
-			const wchar* start = string;
-			if (!config.text.empty()) {
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				config = config.copyConfig();
-			}
-			while (string < end && *string != '\\') ++string;
-			if (string >= end) {
-				if (start != end) config.text.append(start, end);
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				return;
-			}
-			if (start != string) config.text.append(start, string);
-			if (++string == end) {
-				config.text.append(start, end);
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				return;
-			}
-			if (!config.text.empty()) {
-				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-				config = config.copyConfig();
-			}
-			switch (*string) {
-				case L'\\':
-					config.text.append(1, L'\\');
-					++string;
-					continue;
-				case L'#': {
-					if (end - string < 9) break;
-					config.color = wtouib16(++string, 8);
-					string += 8;
-					continue;
-				}
-				case L'.': {
-					if (end - string < 9) break;
-					config.background = wtouib16(++string, 8);
-					string += 8;
-					continue;
-				}
-				case L'F':
-				case L'f':
-					if (++string == end) break;
-					config.idFont = *string;
-					break;
-				case L'-':
-				case L's':
-				case L'S':
-					config.strikeThrough = true;
-					break;
-				case L'_':
-				case L'u':
-				case L'U':
-					config.underline = true;
-					break;
-				case L'/':
-				case L'i':
-				case L'I':
-					config.italic = true;
-					break;
-				case L'=':
-				case L'b':
-				case L'B':
-					config.bold = true;
-					break;
-				case L'r':
-				case L'R':
-					if (!config.text.empty()) configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-					config = StringConfig();
-					break;
-				default:
-					config.text.append(string - 1, 2);
-					break;
-			}
-			++string;
-		}
-		configs.push_back(std::move(config));
-	}
-};
-
-interface IText {
-	virtual ~IText() = default;
-	virtual const String& getText() const noexcept = 0;
-	virtual const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept = 0;
-};
-
-typedef class LiteralText : public IText {
-	const String string;
-	mutable RenderableString renderableString;
-
-public:
-	LiteralText(const String& string): string(string), renderableString(string) {}
-	LiteralText(String&& string): string(std::move(string)), renderableString(string) {}
-
-	const String& getText() const noexcept override { return string; }
-
-	const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept override { return renderableString; }
-} TranslatedText;
-
-class TranslatableText final : public IText {
-	const String idSrc;
-	mutable const LiteralText* target = nullptr;
-	mutable QWORD langConfig = 0;
-
-public:
-	explicit TranslatableText(const String& id) : idSrc(id) { std::wcout << L"Lvalue init\n"; }
-	explicit TranslatableText(String&& id) : idSrc(std::move(id)) { std::wcout << L"Rvalue init\n"; }
-	const String& getText() const noexcept override;
-	const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept override;
-	void refreshText() const noexcept;
-};
-
-struct Language {
-	Map<String, TranslatedText> translateTable;
-	int id = 1;
-};
-
-class Translator {
-	Map<String, int> langMap{};
-	List<Language> langList{};
-	TranslatedText nullText{ L"\\#FF""EE0000<translator-null>" };
-	String lang = L"zh-cn";
-	int langConfig = 1;
-	int idLangMax = 1;
-	using IterID = Map<String, TranslatedText>::const_iterator;
-	using IterLang = List<Language>::const_iterator;
-
-public:
-	explicit Translator() { langMap.insert(std::make_pair(String(L"zh-cn"), 1)); }
-	void addLang(const String& lang) noexcept { langMap.insert(std::make_pair(lang, ++idLangMax)); }
-	void addLang(String&& lang) noexcept { langMap.insert(std::make_pair(lang, ++idLangMax)); }
-	void loadLang();
-
-	[[nodiscard]] const TranslatedText* getText(const String& id) const noexcept {
-		for (const auto& [translateTable, _] : langList) {
-			IterID iterator = translateTable.find(id);
-			if (iterator != translateTable.cend()) return &iterator->second;
-		}
-		return &nullText;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] int getConfigVersion() const noexcept { return langConfig; }
-};
-
-inline static Translator translator = Translator();

InteractManager.h

@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "hbp.h"
-
-struct KeyStatus {
-	String name;
-	unsigned int pressTimes = 0;
-	bool pressed = false;
-	bool notDealt = false;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return pressed; }
-	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return pressTimes; }
-
-	void deals() noexcept {
-		notDealt = false;
-		pressTimes = 0;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept { return L"KeyStatus: { name = \"" + name + L"\"; pressTimes = " + std::to_wstring(pressTimes) + L"; pressed = " + (pressed ? L"true; }" : L"false; }"); }
-};
-
-struct MouseStatus {
-	String name;
-	unsigned int pressTimes = 0;
-	bool pressed = false;
-	bool notDealt = false;
-	bool longHold = false;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return pressed; }
-	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return pressTimes; }
-
-	void deals() noexcept {
-		notDealt = false;
-		pressTimes = 0;
-	}
-
-	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept { return L"MouseStatus: { name = \""+ name + L"\"; pressTimes = " + std::to_wstring(pressTimes) + L"; pressed = " + (pressed ? L"true, longHold = " : L"false, longHold = ") + (longHold ? L"true; }" : L"false; }") ; }
-};
-
-struct KeyBinding;
-
-class InteractManager {
-	inline static TRACKMOUSEEVENT trackMouseEvent{
-		.cbSize = sizeof(TRACKMOUSEEVENT),
-		.dwFlags = TME_HOVER | TME_LEAVE | TME_NONCLIENT,
-		.hwndTrack = nullptr,
-		.dwHoverTime = 0
-	};
-	KeyStatus keyStatus[256];
-	int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0;
-	int mouseWheel = 0;
-	int rebindResult = 0;
-	bool rebinding = false;
-	bool inWindow = false;// 鼠标是否在窗口内部
-	bool hovering = false;
-
-public:
-	static void initialize() noexcept { trackMouseEvent.hwndTrack = MainWindowHandle; }
-	explicit InteractManager();
-
-	void update(const int keyCode, const bool isPressed) noexcept {
-		if (keyCode >= 256) return;
-		if (rebinding) {
-			rebindResult = keyCode;
-			return;
-		}
-		keyStatus[keyCode].pressed = isPressed;
-		if (isPressed) {
-			keyStatus[keyCode].pressTimes++;
-			keyStatus[keyCode].notDealt = true;
-		}
-	}
-
-	void updateMouse(const int x, const int y) noexcept {
-		mouseX = x;
-		mouseY = y;
-		inWindow = true;
-		hovering = false;
-		if (!TrackMouseEvent(&trackMouseEvent)) std::wcout << L"TrackMouseEvent failed. LastError: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
-	}
-
-	void mouseHover() noexcept {
-		hovering = true;
-		inWindow = true;
-		std::wcout << L"hover" << std::endl;
-	}
-
-	void mouseLeave() noexcept {
-		inWindow = false;
-		hovering = false;
-		std::wcout << L"leave" << std::endl;
-	}
-
-	void updateWheel(const int wheel) noexcept { mouseWheel += wheel; }
-	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseX() const noexcept { return mouseX; }
-	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseY() const noexcept { return mouseY; }
-	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseWheel() const noexcept { return mouseWheel; }
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isHovering() const noexcept { return hovering; }
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isInWindow() const noexcept { return inWindow; }
-	KeyStatus& getKey(const int keyCode) noexcept { return keyStatus[keyCode]; }
-	KeyStatus& getKey(const KeyBinding& binding) noexcept;
-
-	int dealMouseWheel() noexcept {
-		const int ret = mouseWheel;
-		mouseWheel = 0;
-		return ret;
-	}
-};
-
-inline static InteractManager interactManager = InteractManager();
-
-struct KeyBinding {
-	String id;
-	int keyCode;
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return interactManager.getKey(keyCode).isPressed(); }
-	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return interactManager.getKey(keyCode).wasPressed(); }
-	void deals() const noexcept { interactManager.getKey(keyCode).deals(); }
-};

Renderer.cpp

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#include "Renderer.h"
-
-#include "Game.h"
-#include "hbp.h"
-
-void Renderer::initialize() noexcept {
-	MainDC = GetDC(MainWindowHandle);
-	assistDC = CreateCompatibleDC(MainDC);
-}
-
-void Renderer::resize(const int width, const int height) noexcept(false) {
-	windowWidth = width;
-	windowHeight = height;
-	if (resizeTime > 0) return; // 防抖、防止频繁触发
-	if (resizeTime < 0) {
-		resizeTime = 20;
-		return;
-	}
-	if (game.getWindow()) game.getWindow()->onResize();
-}
-
-inline Renderer renderer = Renderer();

Renderer.h

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <thread>
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "exception.h"
-
-class Game;
-/**
- * 用于标记相对位置。
- */
-enum class Location : char { LEFT_TOP, LEFT, LEFT_BOTTOM, TOP, CENTER, BOTTOM, RIGHT_TOP, RIGHT, RIGHT_BOTTOM };
-
-interface IRenderable {
-	virtual ~IRenderable() = default;
-	virtual void render() const noexcept = 0;
-};
-
-interface ITickable {
-	virtual ~ITickable() = default;
-	virtual void tick() noexcept = 0;
-};
-
-struct Color {
-	unsigned int inactive = 0xff777777;
-	unsigned int active = 0xff000000;
-	unsigned int hover = 0xff444444;
-	unsigned int clicked = 0xffeeeeee;
-};
-
-inline static constexpr Color TextColor = {
-	.inactive = 0xff333333,
-	.active = 0xffeeeeee,
-	.hover = 0xffeeeeee,
-	.clicked = 0xff000000
-};
-
-class Renderer final : public ITickable {
-	/**
-	 * 后续可能用不到，可能可删
-	 */
-	Game* pGame = nullptr;
-
-	friend class Game;
-	inline static HDC MainDC;
-	inline static HDC assistDC;
-	inline static BLENDFUNCTION blendFunction = {
-		.BlendOp = AC_SRC_OVER,// Only
-		.BlendFlags = 0,// Must 0
-		.SourceConstantAlpha = 255,// 预乘
-		.AlphaFormat = AC_SRC_ALPHA,// Only
-	};
-	std::thread::id renderThread = std::this_thread::get_id();
-	int windowWidth = 0, windowHeight = 0;
-	int resizeTime = 0;
-	bool isRendering = false;
-
-	void gameStartRender() noexcept {
-		isRendering = true;
-		renderThread = std::this_thread::get_id();
-	}
-
-	void gameEndRender() noexcept { isRendering = false; }
-
-public:
-	static void initialize() noexcept;
-	explicit Renderer() { Logger.put(L"Renderer created"); }
-	void resize(int width, int height) noexcept(false);
-	void setGame(Game& game) noexcept { pGame = &game; }
-	[[nodiscard]] int getWidth() const noexcept { return windowWidth; }
-	[[nodiscard]] int getHeight() const noexcept { return windowHeight; }
-
-	void tick() noexcept override {
-		// 联合处理resize防抖
-		if (resizeTime > 0) --resizeTime;
-		else if (resizeTime == 0) {
-			resize(windowWidth, windowHeight);
-			resizeTime = -1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @attention 会忽略A透明度值
-	 * @param argb ARGB式颜色
-	 * @return int BGR式颜色
-	 */
-	[[nodiscard]] static unsigned int changeColorFormat(const unsigned int argb) { return (argb & 0xff) << 16 | (argb & 0xff00) | (argb & 0xff0000) >> 16; }
-
-	void assertRendering() const noexcept(false) { if (!isRendering) throw InvalidOperationException(L"Operation should be done while rendering"); }
-
-	void assertRenderThread() const noexcept(false) { if (std::this_thread::get_id() != renderThread) throw InvalidOperationException(L"Operation should be done in render thread"); }
-
-	void fill(const int x, const int y, const int w, const int h, const unsigned int color) const {
-		assertRendering();
-		//assertRenderThread();
-		if (color & 0xff000000 == 0) return;
-		const RECT rect{
-			.left = x,
-			.top = y,
-			.right = x + w,
-			.bottom = y + h
-		};
-		HBRUSH clr = CreateSolidBrush(changeColorFormat(color));
-		if ((color & 0xff000000) == 0xff000000) FillRect(MainDC, &rect, clr);
-		else {
-			FillRect(assistDC, &rect, clr);
-			AlphaBlend(MainDC, x, y, w, h, assistDC, x, y, w, h, blendFunction);
-		}
-		DeleteObject(clr);
-	}
-};
-
-extern Renderer renderer;

TextureManager.h

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-21.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "exception.h"
-
-class ITexture {};
-
-class Font {
-	String name;
-	HFONT fonts[16]{};
-
-	static int idOf(const bool italic, const bool bold, const bool underline, const bool strike) {
-		int ret = 0;
-		if (italic) ret |= 8;
-		if (bold) ret |= 4;
-		if (underline) ret |= 2;
-		if (strike) ret |= 1;
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-public:
-	explicit Font(const String& name) : name(name) {}
-
-	void load(const int size) noexcept(false) {
-		LOGFONTW font{
-			.lfHeight = size,
-			.lfWidth = 0,
-			.lfEscapement = 0,
-			.lfOrientation = 0,
-			.lfCharSet = ANSI_CHARSET,
-			.lfOutPrecision = OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
-			.lfClipPrecision = CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
-			.lfQuality = DEFAULT_QUALITY,
-			.lfPitchAndFamily = DEFAULT_PITCH | FF_DONTCARE,
-		};
-		if (name.size() < LF_FACESIZE) memcpy(font.lfFaceName, name.c_str(), name.size());
-		else throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException(L"Font name is too long: " + name);
-		for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-			font.lfWeight = i & 4 ? 700 : 400;
-			font.lfItalic = i & 8;
-			font.lfUnderline = i & 2;
-			font.lfStrikeOut = i & 1;
-			fonts[i] = CreateFontIndirectW(&font);
-		}
-	}
-
-	void unload() noexcept(false) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
-			DeleteObject(fonts[i]);
-			fonts[i] = nullptr;
-		}
-	}
-};
-
-class TextureManager {
-	Map<int, Font> fonts;
-	Map<String, ObjectHolder<ITexture>> textures;
-	Font* defaultFont = nullptr;
-	using IterFont = Map<int, Font>::const_iterator;
-	using IterTexture = Map<String, ObjectHolder<ITexture>>::const_iterator;
-
-public:
-	TextureManager() {
-		try {
-			fonts.insert(std::make_pair(0, Font(L"Arial")));
-			defaultFont = &fonts.at(0);
-		} catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
-
-		} catch (const ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException& e){}
-	}
-
-	const Font& getFont(const int id) const noexcept {
-		IterFont iterator = fonts.find(id);
-		if (iterator == fonts.cend()) return *defaultFont;
-		return iterator->second;
-	}
-};
-
-inline static TextureManager textureManager = TextureManager();

Window.cpp

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#include "Window.h"
-void Window::render() const noexcept {}
-void Window::tick() noexcept {}
-void Window::onResize() {}
-void FloatWindow::render() const noexcept {
-	renderer.fill(20, 20, 40, 40, 0xffeeeeee);
-}
-
-void Button::render() const noexcept {}

Window.h

@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "Renderer.h"
-#include "IText.h"
-
-enum class MouseActionCode : char {
-	MAC_MOVE, MAC_HOVER, MAC_DOWN, MAC_UP, MAC_DOUBLE
-};
-
-class Widget : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
-protected:
-	int left = 0, top = 0, width = 0, height = 0;
-
-public:
-	using Action = Function<void(int)>;
-	double x, y, w, h;
-	Action hover;// 传入int忽略
-	Action longHover;// 传入int表示时间
-	Action mouseDown;// 传入int表示变更按键。0左, 1中, 2右
-	Action mouseUp;// 传入int表示变更按键。0左, 1中, 2右
-	Action mouseLeave;// 传入int忽略
-	Action mouseClick;// 传入int表示变更按键。0x0左, 0x1中, 0x2右；0xf表示是否双击
-	Color backgroundColor;
-	Color foregroundColor;
-
-protected:
-	mutable bool hasMouse = false;
-
-public:
-	Location location;
-
-protected:
-	char unused[6] {};
-
-public:
-	unsigned int colorSelector(const Color& clr, const Widget& widget) const {
-		return hasMouse ? clr.hover : clr.inactive;
-	}
-
-	explicit Widget(const double x, const double y, const double w, const double h, Location location) : x(x), y(y), w(w), h(h), location(location) {}
-	virtual void onResize() {}
-
-	virtual bool isMouseIn(int x, int y) noexcept {
-		x -= left;
-		y -= top;
-		return 0 <= x and x <= width and 0 <= y and y <= height;
-	}
-
-	virtual void onHover(const int value) noexcept { if (hover) hover(value); }
-	virtual void onLongHover(const int value) noexcept { if (longHover) longHover(value); }
-	virtual void onMouseDown(const int value) noexcept { if (mouseDown) mouseDown(value); }
-	virtual void onMouseUp(const int value) noexcept { if (mouseUp) mouseUp(value); }
-	virtual void onMouseLeave(const int value) noexcept { if (mouseLeave) mouseLeave(value); }
-	virtual void onMouseClick(const int value) noexcept { if (mouseClick) mouseClick(value); }
-
-	virtual void passEvent(const int action, const int value, const int x, const int y) noexcept {
-		if (!isMouseIn(x, y)) {
-			if (hasMouse) onMouseLeave(0);
-			hasMouse = false;
-		}
-		hasMouse = true;
-		switch (static_cast<char>(action & 0xf)) {
-			case static_cast<char>(MouseActionCode::MAC_HOVER):
-				onLongHover(0);
-				break;
-			case static_cast<char>(MouseActionCode::MAC_MOVE):
-				onHover(0);
-				break;
-			case static_cast<char>(MouseActionCode::MAC_DOWN):
-				onMouseDown(value);
-				break;
-			case static_cast<char>(MouseActionCode::MAC_UP):
-				onMouseUp(value);
-				break;
-			case static_cast<char>(MouseActionCode::MAC_DOUBLE):
-				onMouseClick(1);
-				break;
-			default:
-				break;
-		}
-	}
-};
-
-class Window : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
-protected:
-	List<Widget*> widgets;
-
-	Window() = default;
-
-	~Window() override { for (Widget*& widget : widgets) { delete widget; } }
-
-public:
-	void render() const noexcept override;
-	void tick() noexcept override;
-	/**
-	 * 在Game.setWindow()时，本窗口开启时调用。
-	 * 不应当外部调用。
-	 * 如果返回false，则拒绝设置窗口。
-	 * @return 是否允许将显示窗口设为自身
-	 */
-	virtual bool onOpen() = 0;
-	/**
-	 * 在Game.setWindow()时，本窗口关闭时调用。
-	 * 不应当外部调用。
-	 * 注意，关闭未必就是删除。
-	 */
-	virtual void onClose() = 0;
-	virtual void onResize();
-};
-
-class FloatWindow final : public Window {
-public:
-	void render() const noexcept override;
-	bool onOpen() override { return true; }
-	void onClose() override {}
-};
-
-class Button : public Widget {
-public:
-	ObjectHolder<IText> name;
-	explicit Button(const double x, const double y, const double w, const double h, const Location location, const ObjectHolder<IText>& text) : Widget(x, y, w, h, location), name(text) {}
-	void render() const noexcept override;
-	void tick() noexcept override {}
-};

core.h

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-
-#include <Windows.h>
-#include <winuser.h>
-
-#include "../CarlbeksLib/gxdef.h"
-#include "../CarlbeksLib/rgui.h"
-#include "../CarlbeksLib/iwindows.h"
-
-static HINSTANCE MainInstance;
-static HWND MainWindowHandle;
-
-static inline String ApplicationName = L"High Blood Pressure";
-
-inline Carlbeks::UI::Main MainWindow;
-inline Carlbeks::UI::TickThread MainTick{ &MainWindow };
-
-inline void Initialize() noexcept {
-	Carlbeks::WindowsInterface::ShowConsoleIO();
-	MainWindow.setWindow(MainWindowHandle);
-	MainWindow.setDC(GetDC(MainWindowHandle));
-	MainTick.start();
-}
-
-inline void Finalize() noexcept {
-	MainTick.stopAndWait();
-	_wsystem(L"pause");
-}

def.cpp

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
-//
-
-#include "def.h"
-
-#include "exception.h"
-
-template<TypeName Base> Base& ObjectHolder<Base>::operator->() noexcept(false) {
-	if (value) return *value;
-	throw NullPointerException(L"value is null");
-}
-
-template<TypeName Base> const Base& ObjectHolder<Base>::operator->() const noexcept(false) {
-	if (value) return *value;
-	throw NullPointerException(L"value is null");
-}
-
-template<TypeName Base> Base& ObjectHolder<Base>::operator*() noexcept(false) {
-	if (value) return *value;
-	throw NullPointerException(L"value is null");
-}
-
-template<TypeName Base> const Base& ObjectHolder<Base>::operator*() const noexcept(false) {
-	if (value) return *value;
-	throw NullPointerException(L"value is null");
-}
-
-template<TypeName Base> template<NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-void ObjectHolder<Base>::set(const T& value) {
-	if (!value) this->value = new T(value);
-	else {
-		if (hasValue) delete this->value;
-		this->value = new T(value);
-	}
-}
-
-template<TypeName Base> template<NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-void ObjectHolder<Base>::set(T&& value) {
-	if (!value) this->value = new T(value);
-	else {
-		if (hasValue) delete this->value;
-		this->value = new T(value);
-	}
-}
-
-template<TypeName T> const T& Reference<T>::getLvalue() const noexcept(false) {
-	if (type == ReferenceValueType::LVALUE) return *lvalue;
-	throw NullPointerException(L"reference is rvalue");
-}
-
-template<TypeName T> T&& Reference<T>::getRvalue() noexcept(false) {
-	if (type == ReferenceValueType::RVALUE) return std::move(*rvalue);
-	throw NullPointerException(L"reference is lvalue");
-}

def.h

@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <functional>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <list>
-#include <string>
-#include <map>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <thread>
-
-using wchar = wchar_t;
-using QWORD = unsigned long long int;
-using String = std::wstring;
-using Thread = std::thread;
-template<typename K, typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<K>, typename Alloc = std::allocator<std::pair<const K, V>>> using Map = std::map<K, V, Cmp, Alloc>;
-template<typename T, typename Alloc = std::allocator<T>> using List = std::list<T, Alloc>;
-template<typename F> using Function = std::function<F>;
-
-#define Success() { return 0; }
-#define Failed() { return 1; }
-#define Error() { return -1; }
-
-#if false
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define __FUNCSIGW__ L"" __FUNCSIG__
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
-#define __FUNCSIGW__ L"" __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
-#else
-#define __FUNCSIGW__ L"" __func__
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#define _WINSOCKAPI_ /* 防止winsock.h被引入。winsock.h和winsock2.h冲突。 */
-#if false
-#include <WinSock2.h>
-#endif
-
-#define NOMINMAX
-#include <Windows.h>
-#include <Windowsx.h>
-#include <minwindef.h>
-#include <windef.h>
-#include <wingdi.h>
-#include <WinUser.h>
-#include <Uxtheme.h>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <dwmapi.h>
-
-#pragma comment(lib, "Msimg32.lib")
-#pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib")
-#pragma comment(lib, "dwmapi.lib")
-#pragma comment(lib, "Uxtheme.lib")
-#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
-
-template<typename T>
-concept Copyable = requires(const T& t) { T(t); };
-template<typename T>
-concept NewCopyable = requires(const T& t) { delete new T(t); };
-template<typename T>
-concept Moveable = requires(T&& t) { T(std::move(t)); };
-template<typename T>
-concept NewMoveable = requires(T&& t) { delete new T(std::move(t)); };
-template<typename T>
-concept NonreferenceType = !std::is_reference_v<T>;
-template<typename T>
-concept NonpointerType = !std::is_pointer_v<T>;
-template<typename T>
-concept ReferenceType = std::is_reference_v<T>;
-template<typename T>
-concept PointerType = std::is_pointer_v<T>;
-template<typename T>
-concept TypeName = NonreferenceType<T> && NonpointerType<T>;
-
-template<TypeName Base> class ObjectHolder {
-	Base* value;
-	bool hasValue;
-	char padding[7]{};
-
-public:
-	/**
-	 * 用于延迟初始化。
-	 */
-	ObjectHolder() : value(nullptr), hasValue(false) {}
-
-	ObjectHolder(Base* const value) : value(value), hasValue(false) {}
-
-	template<NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-	ObjectHolder(const T& value) : value(new T(value)), hasValue(true) {}
-
-	template<NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-	ObjectHolder(T&& value) : value(new T(std::forward<T>(value))), hasValue(true) {}
-
-	ObjectHolder(const ObjectHolder& other) noexcept: value(other.value), hasValue(false) {}
-
-	ObjectHolder(ObjectHolder&& other) noexcept: value(other.value), hasValue(other.hasValue) {
-		other.value = nullptr;
-		other.hasValue = false;
-	}
-
-	template<NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-	void set(const T& value);
-
-	template<NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
-	void set(T&& value);
-
-
-	~ObjectHolder() {
-		if (hasValue) delete value;
-		value = nullptr;
-	}
-
-	Base& operator->() noexcept(false);
-	const Base& operator->() const noexcept(false);
-	Base& operator*() noexcept(false);
-	const Base& operator*() const noexcept(false);
-	operator bool() const noexcept { return value; }
-};
-
-enum class ReferenceValueType {
-	LVALUE,
-	RVALUE
-};
-
-template<TypeName T> class Reference {
-	const T* lvalue = nullptr;
-	T* rvalue = nullptr;
-
-public:
-	const ReferenceValueType type;
-	Reference(const T& lvalue) : lvalue(&lvalue), type(ReferenceValueType::LVALUE) {}
-	Reference(T&& rvalue) : rvalue(&rvalue), type(ReferenceValueType::RVALUE) {}
-	Reference& operator=(const Reference&) = delete;
-	Reference& operator=(Reference&&) = delete;
-
-	Reference& operator=(const T& lvalue) {
-		this->lvalue = &lvalue;
-		this->type = ReferenceValueType::LVALUE;
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	Reference& operator=(T&& rvalue) {
-		this->rvalue = &rvalue;
-		this->type = ReferenceValueType::RVALUE;
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	const T& getLvalue() const noexcept(false);
-	T&& getRvalue() noexcept(false);
-};

dev.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Module:
+    File(30%), including Log, Save, Config, Language
+    Translator(30%), with File
+    KeyBinding(20%)
+    World, Entity(10%), including gc problem

exception.cpp

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-22.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "exception.h"
-#include "Game.h"
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::trace(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Trace] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::trace(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Trace] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::debug(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Debug] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::debug(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Debug] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::log(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Log]   " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::log(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Log]   " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::info(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Info]  " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::info(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Info]  " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::warn(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Warn]  " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::warn(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Warn]  " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::error(const String& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Error] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-ILogger& PublicLogger::error(String&& msg) noexcept {
-	std::wcout << L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + L" [Error] " + msg + L"\n";
-	return *this;
-}
-
-inline PublicLogger Logger{};

exception.h

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-class Exception : public std::exception {
-	const String* type;
-
-protected:
-	String msg;
-
-	Exception(String&& msg, const String* type) : type(type), msg(std::move(msg)) {}
-	Exception(const String& msg, const String* type) : type(type), msg(msg) {}
-
-public:
-	[[nodiscard]] String getMessage() const noexcept { return msg; }
-	[[nodiscard]] const String* getType() const noexcept { return type; }
-	[[nodiscard]] const char* what() const override { return "Use Exception::getMessage() instead."; }
-};
-
-class NullPointerException final : public Exception {
-	inline static const String type = L"NullPointerException";
-
-public:
-	explicit NullPointerException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
-	explicit NullPointerException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
-};
-
-class ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException final : public Exception {
-	inline static const String type = L"ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException";
-
-public:
-	explicit ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
-	explicit ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
-};
-
-class InvalidOperationException final : public Exception {
-	inline static const String type = L"InvalidOperationException";
-
-public:
-	explicit InvalidOperationException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
-	explicit InvalidOperationException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
-};
-
-interface ILogger {
-	virtual ~ILogger() = default;
-	virtual ILogger& trace(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& trace(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& debug(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& debug(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& log(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& log(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& info(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& info(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& warn(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& warn(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& error(const String&) noexcept = 0;
-	virtual ILogger& error(String&&) noexcept = 0;
-};
-
-struct PublicLogger final : ILogger {
-	PublicLogger() { std::wcout << L"PublicLogger created\n"; }
-
-	PublicLogger& put(const String& msg) noexcept {
-		std::wcout << L"[] [Root] " + msg + L"\n";
-		return * this;
-	}
-
-	PublicLogger& put(String&& msg) noexcept {
-		std::wcout << L"[] [Root] " + msg + L"\n";
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	ILogger& trace(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& trace(String&&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& debug(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& debug(String&&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& log(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& log(String&&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& info(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& info(String&&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& warn(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& warn(String&&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& error(const String&) noexcept override;
-	ILogger& error(String&&) noexcept override;
-};
-
-extern PublicLogger Logger;
-

hbp.h

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-
-inline BOOL NewProcess(const String& cmdline) noexcept {
-	STARTUPINFOW si = {
-		sizeof(si), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
-	};
-	PROCESS_INFORMATION pi{
-		nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0
-	};
-	return CreateProcessW(nullptr, const_cast<wchar*>(cmdline.c_str()), nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, &si, &pi);
-}
-
-inline HRESULT RemoveDefaultCaption(HWND hWnd, const MARGINS* p) noexcept { return DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea(hWnd, p); }
-
-inline bool ShowConsoleIO() noexcept {
-	AllocConsole();
-	FILE* pCout;
-	freopen_s(&pCout, "CONOUT$", "w", stdout);
-	FILE* pCin;
-	freopen_s(&pCin, "CONIN$", "r", stdin);
-	return true;
-}
-
-inline const String ApplicationName = L"Hyblud Presher";
-inline HINSTANCE MainInstance;
-inline HWND MainWindowHandle;
-inline Thread GameThread;
-inline Thread RenderThread;
-inline static bool isRunning = ShowConsoleIO();

includes.h

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "def.h"
-#include "exception.h"
-#include "hbp.h"
-#include "Chars.h"
-#include "Renderer.h"
-#include "InteractManager.h"
-#include "TextureManager.h"
-#include "IText.h"
-
-#include "Hud.h"
-#include "Window.h"
-
-#include "Game.h"
-
-#include "xWindows.h"

main.cpp

@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-
-#include "includes.h"
-#include "IText.h"
-#include "TestCode.h"
-
-LRESULT __stdcall WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
-	switch (uMsg) {
-			_LIKELY
-		case WM_PAINT: {
-			PAINTSTRUCT ps;
-			BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
-			EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
-			break;
-		}
-			_LIKELY
-		case WM_NCHITTEST: {
-			POINT point = { GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), (GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam)) };
-			ScreenToClient(hwnd, &point);
-			const int xPos = point.x;
-			const int yPos = point.y;
-			if (xPos < 30) {
-				if (yPos < 30) return HTTOPLEFT;
-				if (renderer.getHeight() - yPos < 30) return HTBOTTOMLEFT;
-				return HTLEFT;
-			}
-			if (renderer.getWidth() - xPos < 30) {
-				if (yPos < 30) return HTTOPRIGHT;
-				if (renderer.getHeight() - yPos < 30) return HTBOTTOMRIGHT;
-				return HTRIGHT;
-			}
-			if (yPos < 30) return HTTOP;
-			if (renderer.getHeight() - yPos < 30) return HTBOTTOM;
-			if (yPos < 240) return HTCAPTION;
-			LRESULT lr = 0;
-			DwmDefWindowProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam, &lr);
-			return HTCLIENT;
-		}
-		case WM_KEYDOWN:
-			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), true);
-			break;
-		case WM_KEYUP:
-			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), false);
-			break;
-		case WM_SYSKEYDOWN:
-			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), true);
-			break;
-		case WM_SYSKEYUP:
-			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), false);
-			break;
-		case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
-			interactManager.update(VK_LBUTTON, true);
-			break;
-		case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
-			interactManager.update(VK_RBUTTON, true);
-			break;
-		case WM_LBUTTONUP:
-			interactManager.update(VK_LBUTTON, false);
-			break;
-		case WM_RBUTTONUP:
-			interactManager.update(VK_RBUTTON, false);
-			break;
-		case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
-			interactManager.updateMouse(GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam));
-			break;
-		case WM_MBUTTONDOWN:
-			if (wParam & 0x10) interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
-			break;
-		case WM_MBUTTONUP:
-			interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, false);
-			break;
-		case WM_MOUSEWHEEL:
-			interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
-			interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
-			break;
-		case WM_MOUSEHOVER:
-			// case WM_NCMOUSEHOVER:
-			interactManager.mouseHover();
-			break;
-		case WM_MOUSELEAVE:
-			// case WM_NCMOUSELEAVE:
-			interactManager.mouseLeave();
-			break;
-		case WM_COMMAND:
-			std::wcout << L"WM_COMMAND" << std::endl;
-			break;
-		case WM_DWMCOMPOSITIONCHANGED: {
-			MARGINS margins{
-				.cxLeftWidth = 0,
-				.cxRightWidth = 0,
-				.cyTopHeight = 0,
-				.cyBottomHeight = 0
-			};
-			RemoveDefaultCaption(hwnd, &margins);
-			break;
-		}
-		case WM_NCCALCSIZE:
-			if (wParam == 1) {
-				NCCALCSIZE_PARAMS* pncsp = reinterpret_cast<NCCALCSIZE_PARAMS*>(lParam);
-				pncsp->rgrc[0].left = pncsp->rgrc[0].left + 0;
-				pncsp->rgrc[0].top = pncsp->rgrc[0].top + 0;
-				pncsp->rgrc[0].right = pncsp->rgrc[0].right - 0;
-				pncsp->rgrc[0].bottom = pncsp->rgrc[0].bottom - 0;
-				return 0;
-			}
-		case WM_SIZE: {
-			renderer.resize(GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam));
-			switch (wParam) {
-				case SIZE_RESTORED:
-				case SIZE_MINIMIZED:
-				case SIZE_MAXIMIZED:
-				case SIZE_MAXSHOW:
-				case SIZE_MAXHIDE:
-				default:
-					break;
-			}
-			break;
-		}
-		case WM_ACTIVATE: {
-			constexpr MARGINS margins{
-				.cxLeftWidth = 0,
-				.cxRightWidth = 0,
-				.cyTopHeight = 0,
-				.cyBottomHeight = 0
-			};
-			HRESULT hr = RemoveDefaultCaption(hwnd, &margins);
-		}
-		break;
-			_UNLIKELY
-		case WM_DESTROY:
-			PostQuitMessage(0);
-			isRunning = false;
-			return 0;
-			_UNLIKELY
-		case WM_CREATE:
-			SetWindowPos(hwnd, nullptr, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_FRAMECHANGED | SWP_NOSIZE | SWP_NOMOVE | SWP_NOZORDER | SWP_NOOWNERZORDER);// Force post NCCALCSIZE
-			break;
-		default:
-			break;
-	}
-	return DefWindowProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
-}
-
-void gameThread() {
-	using namespace std::chrono;
-	using Time = time_point<system_clock>;
-	Time lastTick = system_clock::now();
-	Time thisTime;
-	while (isRunning) {
-		thisTime = system_clock::now();
-		if (thisTime - lastTick < milliseconds(45)) {
-			Sleep(1);
-			continue;
-		}
-		game.tick();
-		lastTick = thisTime;
-	}
-}
-
-void renderThread() {
-	using namespace std::chrono;
-	using Time = time_point<system_clock>;
-	Time lastRender = system_clock::now();
-	Time thisTime;
-	while (isRunning) {
-		thisTime = system_clock::now();
-		if (thisTime - lastRender < milliseconds(12)) {
-			Sleep(1);
-			continue;
-		}
-		game.render();
-		lastRender = thisTime;
-	}
-}
-
-int __stdcall wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
-	WNDCLASSEX wc = {};
-	wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
-	wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
-	wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
-	wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
-	wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
-	wc.hInstance = hInstance;
-	wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
-	wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
-	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
-	wc.lpszMenuName = L"None";
-	wc.lpszClassName = ApplicationName.c_str();
-	if (!RegisterClassExW(&wc)) return FALSE;
-	if (!SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE)) std::wcout << L"SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext failed. LastError: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
-	MainInstance = hInstance;
-	MainWindowHandle = CreateWindowExW(0, wc.lpszClassName, wc.lpszClassName, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance, nullptr);
-	ShowWindow(MainWindowHandle, nCmdShow);
-	InteractManager::initialize();
-	Renderer::initialize();
-	Game::initialize();
-	SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
-	{
-		const String string = String(L"\\#12345678Hello\\/\\f\1Well\\.87654321你好\\r\\r\\u\\-");
-		std::cout << "你好" << std::endl;
-		std::wcout.imbue(std::locale("zh_CN"));
-		std::wcout
-			<< sizeof(L"你好") << " " << sizeof("Hu") << std::endl
-			<< L"GetConsoleOutputCP => " << GetConsoleOutputCP() << std::endl
-			<< string << std::endl
-			<< RenderableString(string).toString() << std::endl;
-		test();
-	}
-	HACCEL hAccelTable = LoadAcceleratorsW(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(109));
-	MSG msg = { nullptr };
-	GameThread = Thread(gameThread);
-	RenderThread = Thread(renderThread);
-	while (GetMessageW(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0)) {
-		if (!TranslateAcceleratorW(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg)) {
-			TranslateMessage(&msg);
-			DispatchMessageW(&msg);
-		}
-	}
-	DestroyAcceleratorTable(hAccelTable);
-	if (GameThread.joinable()) GameThread.join();
-	if (RenderThread.joinable()) RenderThread.join();
-	_wsystem(L"pause");
-	return (int) msg.wParam;
-}

src/def.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
+//
+
+#include "def.h"
+
+#include "utils\File.h"
+#include "utils\exception.h"
+#include "utils\Chars.h"
+#include "utils\gc.h"
+
+template<TypeName Base> template<NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+void ObjectHolder<Base>::set(const T& value) {
+	if (!value) this->value = allocatedFor(new T(value));
+	else {
+		if (hasValue) delete deallocating(this->value);
+		this->value = allocatedFor(new T(value));
+	}
+}
+
+template<TypeName Base> template<NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+void ObjectHolder<Base>::set(T&& value) {
+	if (!value) this->value = allocatedFor(new T(value));
+	else {
+		if (hasValue) delete deallocating(this->value);
+		this->value = allocatedFor(new T(value));
+	}
+}
+
+void requireNonnull(const void* value) noexcept(false) { if (!value) throw NullPointerException(L"value is null"); }
+void checkAllocation(const void* value) noexcept(false) { if (!value) throw BadAllocationException(L"bad allocation"); }
+
+void $LimitedUse::printAllocate(void* value, const size_t size, const String& msg) {
+	const String str = L"alloc   " + ptrtow(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(value)) + L" " + std::to_wstring(size) + String(L"B ") + msg;
+	Logger.log(str);
+}
+
+void $LimitedUse::printDeallocate(void* value, const size_t size, const String& msg) {
+	const String str = L"dealloc " + ptrtow(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(value)) + L" " + std::to_wstring(size) + String(L"B ") + msg;
+	Logger.log(str);
+}
+
+void $LimitedUse::printDeallocateWarning(void* value, const String& msg) {
+	const String str = L"dealloc " + ptrtow(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(value)) + L": " + msg;
+	Logger.error(str);
+}
+
+
+String ptrtow(const QWORD value) { return qwtowb16(value, 16); }
+
+namespace $LimitedUse {
+	Release::~Release() {
+		delete &gc;
+		Logger.put(L"--------- Last Check ---------");
+		for (const auto& [addr, info] : memoryManager.allocated) { Logger.print(L"  using", addr, info.size, L"B", info.msg); }
+		delete &Logger;
+		delete &memoryManager;
+		std::wcout << L"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n";
+	}
+}

src/def.h

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#define __CARLBEKS_DEBUG__
+#define __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__ 2
+
+#pragma warning(disable: 4819)
+
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <functional>
+#include <thread>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <thread>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <set>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <random>
+
+using wchar = wchar_t;
+using QWORD = unsigned long long int;
+using String = std::wstring;
+using Thread = std::thread;
+template <typename K, typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<K>, typename Alloc = std::allocator<std::pair<const K, V>>>
+using Map = std::map<K, V, Cmp, Alloc>;
+template <typename T, typename Comparator = std::less<T>, typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+using Set = std::set<T, Comparator, Allocator>;
+template <typename T, typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+using List = std::list<T, Allocator>;
+template <typename F>
+using Function = std::function<F>;
+
+#define Success() { return 0; }
+#define Failed() { return 1; }
+#define Error() { return -1; }
+#define Comment(PARAMS) /##/ PARAMS
+#define SameAs(PARAMS) Comment(PARAMS)
+
+//NOLINTNEXTLINE(*-reserved-identifier)
+#define _WINSOCKAPI_ /* 防止winsock.h被引入。winsock.h和winsock2.h冲突。 */
+#if false
+#include <WinSock2.h>
+#endif
+
+#define NOMINMAX
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <Windowsx.h>
+#include <minwindef.h>
+#include <windef.h>
+#include <wingdi.h>
+#include <WinUser.h>
+#include <Uxtheme.h>
+#include <dwmapi.h>
+
+#define WM_APP_LBUTTONUP (WM_APP + 1)
+#define WM_APP_MBUTTONDOWN (WM_APP + 2)
+
+#pragma comment(lib, "Msimg32.lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "dwmapi.lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "Uxtheme.lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
+
+#include "warnings.h"
+
+template <typename T>
+concept Copyable = requires(const T& t) { T(t); };
+template <typename T>
+concept NewCopyable = requires(const T& t) { delete new T(t); };
+template <typename T>
+concept Moveable = requires(T&& t) { T(std::move(t)); };
+template <typename T>
+concept NewMoveable = requires(T&& t) { delete new T(std::move(t)); };
+template <typename T>
+concept NonreferenceType = !std::is_reference_v<T>;
+template <typename T>
+concept NonpointerType = !std::is_pointer_v<T>;
+template <typename T>
+concept ReferenceType = std::is_reference_v<T>;
+template <typename T>
+concept PointerType = std::is_pointer_v<T>;
+template <typename T>
+concept TypeName = NonreferenceType<T> && NonpointerType<T>;
+
+namespace $LimitedUse {
+	struct Release {
+		Release() = default;
+
+		~Release();
+	} inline gcRelease_LoggerRelease_memoryManagerRelease;
+
+	struct MemoryManager {
+		struct MemoryInfo {
+			const String msg;
+			std::size_t size;
+		};
+
+		Map<void*, MemoryInfo> allocated{};
+		std::atomic_bool acquiring = false;
+
+		constexpr MemoryManager() noexcept = default;
+	} inline& [[carlbeks::releasedat("def.cpp")]] memoryManager = *new MemoryManager;
+}
+
+void requireNonnull(const void* value) noexcept(false);
+void checkAllocation(const void* value) noexcept(false);
+inline String ptrtow(QWORD value);
+
+#if defined __CARLBEKS_DEBUG__ || defined __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__
+namespace $LimitedUse {
+	void printAllocate(void* value, std::size_t size, const String&);
+	void printDeallocate(void* value, std::size_t size, const String&);
+	void printDeallocateWarning(void* value, const String& msg);
+}
+
+extern String atow(const char* chars);
+
+template <typename T>
+T* allocatedFor$(T* value, const String& msg = L"", std::size_t size = sizeof(T)) {
+	requireNonnull(value);
+	bool expect = false;
+	while (!$LimitedUse::memoryManager.acquiring.compare_exchange_strong(expect, true)) expect = false;
+	const auto& k = $LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated.emplace(value, $LimitedUse::MemoryManager::MemoryInfo{L"[" + atow(typeid(T).name()) + L"] " + msg, size}).first;
+#if __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__ > 2
+	$LimitedUse::printAllocate(value, k->second.size, k->second.msg);
+#endif
+	$LimitedUse::memoryManager.acquiring.store(false);
+	return value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T* deallocating$(T* value, const String& stack) {
+	bool expect = false;
+	while (!$LimitedUse::memoryManager.acquiring.compare_exchange_strong(expect, true)) expect = false;
+#if __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__ > 2
+	const $LimitedUse::MemoryManager::MemoryInfo* info = nullptr;
+	if ($LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated.contains(value)) info = &$LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated.at(value);
+	$LimitedUse::printDeallocate(value, info ? info->size : 0, info ? info->msg : L"???");
+#endif
+	if (value) { if (!$LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated.erase(value)) $LimitedUse::printDeallocateWarning(value, L"value not recorded" + stack); }
+	$LimitedUse::memoryManager.acquiring.store(false);
+	return value;
+}
+
+#ifndef __FUNCSIG__
+#define __FUNCSIG__ __FUNCTION__
+#endif
+
+#if __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__ > 3
+#define allocatedFor(val, ...) allocatedFor$(val, L"\n    From " __FUNCSIG__ "\n    At   " __FILE__ ":" _STL_STRINGIZE(__LINE__) __VA_OPT__(,) __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define allocatedFor(val, ...) allocatedFor$(val, L"" __VA_OPT__(,) __VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+#if __CARLBEKS_MEMORY__ > 1
+#define deallocating(val) deallocating$(val, L"\n    From " __FUNCSIG__ "\n    At   " __FILE__ ":" _STL_STRINGIZE(__LINE__))
+#else
+#define deallocating(val) deallocating$(val)
+#endif
+#else
+#define allocatedFor(val, ...) val
+#define deallocating(val) val
+#endif
+
+template <TypeName Base>
+class ObjectHolder {
+	Base* value;
+	bool hasValue;
+	char padding[7]{};
+
+public:
+	/**
+	 * 用于延迟初始化。
+	 */
+	ObjectHolder() : value(nullptr), hasValue(false) {}
+
+	ObjectHolder(Base* value) : value(value), hasValue(false) {}
+
+	template <NewCopyable T> requires (std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> || std::is_same_v<Base, T>) && TypeName<T>
+	ObjectHolder(const T& value) : value(allocatedFor(new T(value))), hasValue(true) {}
+
+	template <NewMoveable T> requires (std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> || std::is_same_v<Base, T>) && TypeName<T>
+	ObjectHolder(T&& value) : value(allocatedFor(new T(std::forward<T>(value)))), hasValue(true) {}
+
+	ObjectHolder(const ObjectHolder& other) noexcept: value(other.value), hasValue(false) {}
+
+	ObjectHolder(ObjectHolder&& other) noexcept: value(other.value), hasValue(other.hasValue) {
+		other.value = nullptr;
+		other.hasValue = false;
+	}
+
+	template <NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+	void set(const T& value);
+
+	template <NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+	void set(T&& value);
+
+	~ObjectHolder() {
+		if (hasValue) delete deallocating(value);
+		value = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Base* operator->() noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] const Base* operator->() const noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Base& operator*() noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return *value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] const Base& operator*() const noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return *value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Base& get() noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return *value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] const Base& get() const noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return *value;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] operator Base*() const noexcept(false) { return value; }
+	Base* ptr() const noexcept { return value; }
+	operator bool() const noexcept { return value; }
+	bool operator!() const noexcept { return value == nullptr; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isManager() const noexcept { return hasValue; }
+
+	template <typename T>
+	ObjectHolder<T> referenceof(const T& other) {
+		ObjectHolder ret{};
+		ret.value = &other;
+		return ret;
+	}
+};
+
+template <TypeName Base>
+class SynchronizedHolder {
+	mutable Base* newValue = nullptr;
+	mutable Base* value = nullptr;
+	mutable bool isOk = false;
+
+public:
+	SynchronizedHolder() = default;
+
+	~SynchronizedHolder() {
+		if (newValue == value) { if (value) delete deallocating(value); }
+		else {
+			if (newValue) delete deallocating(newValue);
+			if (value) delete deallocating(value);
+		}
+		newValue = nullptr;
+		value = nullptr;
+	}
+
+
+	template <NewCopyable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+	void setNew(const Base& other) noexcept {
+		isOk = false;
+		if (newValue && newValue != value) deleteNew();
+		newValue = allocatedFor(new T(other));
+	}
+
+	template <NewMoveable T> requires std::is_base_of_v<Base, T> && TypeName<T>
+	void setNew(T&& val) noexcept {
+		isOk = false;
+		if (newValue && newValue != value) deleteNew();
+		newValue = allocatedFor(new T(std::forward<T>(val)));
+	}
+
+	void ok() const noexcept { isOk = true; }
+
+	Base& get() const noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(value);
+		return *value;
+	}
+
+	Base& getNew() const noexcept(false) {
+		requireNonnull(newValue); // 用于抛错
+		return *newValue;
+	}
+
+	Base* ptr() const noexcept { return value; }
+	Base* ptrNew() const noexcept { return newValue; }
+	Base* ptrs() const noexcept { return newValue ? newValue : value; }
+
+	void async() const noexcept {
+		if (newValue == value) return;
+		if (!isOk) return;
+		Base* nuv = newValue;
+		newValue = nullptr;
+		if (nuv) {
+			if (value && value != nuv) deleteOld();
+			value = nuv;
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	void deleteOld() const noexcept {
+		delete deallocating(value);
+		value = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	void deleteNew() const noexcept {
+		delete deallocating(newValue);
+		newValue = nullptr;
+	}
+};

src/game/Animation.h

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-7.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+class Animation {
+public:
+	enum Depend : unsigned char {
+		AD_TIME, AD_GET
+	};
+
+	enum Style : unsigned short {
+		AS_LINEAR = 0,
+		AS_SIN_IN = 0x1, AS_SIN_OUT = 0x100, AS_SIN = 0x101,
+		AS_QUADRATIC_IN = 0x2, AS_QUADRATIC_OUT = 0x200, AS_QUADRATIC = 0x202,
+		AS_CUBIC_IN = 0x3, AS_CUBIC_OUT = 0x300, AS_CUBIC = 0x303,
+	};
+
+private:
+	mutable int progress = 0;
+	int duration = 20;
+	Style style = AS_LINEAR;
+	Depend depend = AD_GET;
+	bool positiveSuperAllowed = false;
+	bool negativeSuperAllowed = false;
+	bool doLoop = false;
+	bool doReverse = true;
+
+public:
+	Animation() noexcept = default;
+
+	Animation& allowPositiveSuper(const bool val = true) noexcept {
+		positiveSuperAllowed = val;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& allowNegativeSuper(const bool val = true) noexcept {
+		negativeSuperAllowed = val;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& depends(const Depend depend) noexcept {
+		this->depend = depend;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& features(const Style style) noexcept {
+		this->style = style;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& loop(const bool val = true) noexcept {
+		doLoop = val;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& includeReverse(const bool val = true) noexcept {
+		doReverse = val;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Animation& setDuration(const int val) noexcept {
+		if (duration == 0) duration = 1;
+		duration = val;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	void reset() const noexcept { progress = 0; }
+
+	static double weight(double x) noexcept {
+		if (x <= 0.0) return 0.0;
+		if (x >= 1.0) return 1.0;
+		x *= 2;
+		return x < 1.0 ? pow(x, 5.0) * 0.5 : pow(x - 2.0, 5.0) * 0.5 + 1.0;
+	}
+
+	double calculateNext() const noexcept {
+		if (++progress > duration) progress = doReverse ? 1 - duration : 0;
+		double p = static_cast<double>(progress < 0 ? -progress : progress) / duration;
+		const double w = weight(p);
+		double val1 = 0, val2 = 0;
+		switch (style & 0xff) {
+			case AS_SIN_IN:
+				val1 = 1 - cos(p * 1.5707963267948966192313216916398);
+				break;
+			case AS_QUADRATIC_IN:
+				val1 = p * p;
+				break;
+			case AS_CUBIC_IN:
+				val1 = p * p * p;
+				break;
+			case AS_LINEAR:
+			default:
+				val1 = p;
+				break;
+		}
+		switch (style & 0xff00) {
+			case AS_SIN_OUT:
+				val2 = sin(p * 1.5707963267948966192313216916398);
+				break;
+			case AS_QUADRATIC_OUT:
+				p = 1 - p;
+				val2 = 1 - p * p;
+				break;
+			case AS_CUBIC_OUT:
+				p = 1 - p;
+				val2 = 1 + p * p * p;
+				break;
+			case AS_LINEAR:
+			default:
+				val2 = p;
+				break;
+		}
+		return val1 * (1 - w) + val2 * w;
+	}
+
+	double getValue() const noexcept { return static_cast<double>(progress) / duration; }
+
+	template <typename T>
+	double adapts(T from, T to) const noexcept {
+		const double val = calculateNext();
+		return (to - from) * val + from;
+	}
+
+	unsigned int adaptsColor(const unsigned int from, const unsigned int to) const noexcept {
+		const double val = calculateNext();
+		const long long fr = from;
+		const long long t = to;
+		unsigned int ret = 0;
+		long long temp = 0;
+		temp = (t & 0xff000000) - (fr & 0xff000000);
+		temp = static_cast<long long>(temp * val);
+		temp += fr & 0xff000000;
+		if (temp > 0xffffffffLL) ret = 0xff000000;
+		else ret = temp & 0xff000000;
+		temp = (t & 0x00ff0000) - (fr & 0x00ff0000);
+		temp = static_cast<long long>(temp * val);
+		temp += fr & 0x00ff0000;
+		if (temp > 0xffffffLL) ret |= 0x00ff0000;
+		else ret |= temp & 0x00ff0000;
+		temp = (t & 0x0000ff00) - (fr & 0x0000ff00);
+		temp = static_cast<long long>(temp * val);
+		temp += fr & 0x0000ff00;
+		if (temp > 0xffffLL) ret |= 0x0000ff00;
+		else ret |= temp & 0x0000ff00;
+		temp = (t & 0x000000ff) - (fr & 0x000000ff);
+		temp = static_cast<long long>(temp * val);
+		temp += fr & 0x000000ff;
+		if (temp > 0xffLL) ret |= 0x000000ff;
+		else ret |= temp & 0x000000ff;
+		return ret;
+	}
+};

src/game/Game.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#include "Game.h"
+
+#include "entity\Entity.h"
+#include "world\World.h"
+#include "..\ui\xWindows.h"
+
+void Game::initialize() {
+	worldManager = allocatedFor(new WorldManager);
+	entityManager = allocatedFor(new EntityManager);
+	setWindow(StartWindow::create());
+	windows.onResize();
+}
+
+Game::Game() : caption{ allocatedFor(new CaptionWindow()) }, floatWindow{ allocatedFor(new FloatWindow()) } {
+	Logger.put(L"Game created");
+	random.seed(timeGetTime());
+}
+
+Game::~Game() {
+	setWindow(nullptr);
+	delete deallocating(floatWindow);
+	gc.pack();
+	gc.collect();
+	delete deallocating(caption);
+	gc.pack();
+	gc.collect();
+	delete deallocating(worldManager);
+	gc.pack();
+	gc.collect();
+	delete deallocating(entityManager);
+	gc.pack();
+	gc.collect();
+}
+
+void Game::render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept {
+	if (renderer.checkResizing()) return;
+	renderer.gameStartRender();
+	if (worldManager->current) worldManager->current->render(tickDelta);
+	caption->render(tickDelta);
+	hud.render(tickDelta);
+	windows.render(tickDelta);
+	floatWindow->render(tickDelta);
+	renderer.gameEndRender();
+	gc.pack();
+}
+
+void Game::tick() noexcept {
+	++currentTick;
+	if (worldManager->current) worldManager->current->tick();
+	floatWindow->clear();
+	floatWindow->tick();
+	caption->tick();
+	hud.tick();
+	windows.tick();
+	floatWindow->update();
+	tasks.runAll();
+	gc.collect();
+}
+
+inline Game game = Game();

src/game/Game.h

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+// #include "..\utils\gc.h"
+#include "..\ui\Hud.h"
+#include "..\utils\Task.h"
+#include "..\ui\Window.h"
+
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("World.h")]] WorldManager;
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("Entity.h")]] EntityManager;
+
+class Game final /* : public IRenderable, public ITickable */ {
+	friend void gameThread();
+	WindowManager windows;
+	Hud hud = Hud(); // 8
+	CaptionWindow* caption; // 8
+	FloatWindow* floatWindow; // 8
+	QWORD currentTick = 0; // 8
+
+public:
+	TaskScheduler tasks; // 8
+	std::minstd_rand random;
+	WorldManager* worldManager = nullptr;
+	EntityManager* entityManager = nullptr;
+
+	void initialize();
+	Game();
+	~Game();
+
+	int closeWindow(Window* const window) noexcept { return windows.pop(window); }
+	[[nodiscard]] FloatWindow& getFloatWindow() const noexcept { return *floatWindow; }
+	[[nodiscard]] QWORD getTick() const noexcept { return currentTick; }
+	void tick() noexcept;
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept;
+
+	/**
+	 * 所有窗口都提交给Game保管，在适当时刻自动删除。
+	 * 建议WindowType::create
+	 */
+	int setWindow(Window* window) noexcept {
+		if (window) {
+			if (window->onOpen()) {
+				for (Window& i : windows) i.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_LEAVE, 0, 0, 0);
+				windows.pushNewed(window);
+				Success();
+			}
+			Failed();
+		}
+		windows.clear();
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Window* getWindow() const noexcept {
+		if (auto* const back = windows.back()) return dynamic_cast<Window*>(back);
+		Logger.error(L"Game::getWindow returns nullptr");
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+
+
+	void handleResize() {
+		caption->onResize();
+		hud.onResize();
+		windows.onResize();
+		floatWindow->onResize();
+	}
+
+	int passEvent(const MouseActionCode action, const MouseButtonCode value, const int x, const int y) const noexcept {
+		int ret = 0;
+		ret = caption->passEvent(action, value, x, y);
+		if (Window* const window = getWindow()) window->passEvent(action, value, x, y);
+		floatWindow->passEvent(action, value, x, y);
+		return ret;
+	}
+};
+
+extern Game game;

src/game/entity/Damage.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\..\def.h"
+
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("Entity.h")]] Entity;
+
+struct DamageTypeEnum {
+	enum : unsigned char {
+		NONE, // 无伤害
+		SYSTEMATIC_DAMAGE, // 系统伤害
+		PHYSICAL_DAMAGE, // 物理伤害
+		MAGICAL_DAMAGE, // 魔法伤害
+		TRUE_DAMAGE, // 真实伤害
+		DENY_DAMAGE, // 否定伤害
+		RETURN_DAMAGE, // 回敬伤害
+		BLOOD_PRESSURE_DAMAGE, // 降压伤害
+	} value;
+
+	static constexpr QWORD elementCount() { return BLOOD_PRESSURE_DAMAGE + 1; }
+};
+
+struct DamageFormEnum {
+	enum : unsigned char {
+		NONE,
+		MELEE_DAMAGE, // 近战伤害
+		REMOTE_DAMAGE, // 远程伤害
+		PROJECTILE_DAMAGE, // 弹射物伤害
+		EXECUTE_DAMAGE, // 处决伤害
+		FINAL_DAMAGE,
+	} value;
+
+	static constexpr QWORD elementCount() { return FINAL_DAMAGE + 1; }
+};
+
+struct Damage {
+	double damages[DamageTypeEnum::elementCount()];
+	DamageFormEnum form;
+
+};

src/game/entity/Entity.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-22.
+//
+
+#include "Entity.h"

src/game/entity/Entity.h

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\..\utils\math.h"
+#include "..\..\render\Renderer.h"
+#include "..\world\Location.h"
+#include "Damage.h"
+
+class Entity;
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("World.h")]] World;
+class EntityManager;
+
+using EntityID = QWORD;
+
+interface IDamageable {
+protected:
+	double maxHealth = 0;
+	double health = 0;
+
+public:
+	virtual ~IDamageable() = default;
+	virtual void Damage(Damage&) = 0;
+	virtual void onDeath() = 0;
+};
+
+interface IArtificialIntelligent {
+protected:
+	virtual ~IArtificialIntelligent() = default;
+	virtual void aiProcess() {}
+};
+
+class Entity : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+	friend class World;
+	friend class EntityManager;
+	EntityID idEntity = 0;
+	World* world = nullptr;
+
+protected:
+	Location location;
+	Vector2D velocity;
+	double maxSpeed = 1.0;
+
+	Entity(const Vector2D& location) : location(location) {}
+	~Entity() override = default;
+
+public:
+	virtual void onRemove() = 0;
+	virtual void onEnterWorld(World* world, WorldTransportReason reason) {}
+	virtual void onExitWorld(World* world, WorldTransportReason reason) {}
+
+	void setVelocity(const Vector2D& velocity) noexcept { this->velocity = velocity; }
+	[[nodiscard]] const Location& getLocation() const noexcept { return this->location; }
+	[[nodiscard]] const Location& getLocation(const double tickDelta) const noexcept { return Location(this->location.getPosition() + this->velocity * tickDelta, this->location.getWorld()); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getVelocity() const noexcept { return this->velocity; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getMaxSpeed() const noexcept { return this->maxSpeed; }
+};
+
+class Enemy : public Entity, public IDamageable, public IArtificialIntelligent {
+protected:
+	Enemy(const Vector2D& location) : Entity(location) {}
+};
+
+class EntityManager {
+	friend class Game;
+	EntityID nextID = 0;
+	Map<EntityID, Entity*> entities;
+	EntityManager() = default;
+	~EntityManager() { for (auto& [id, entity] : entities) { entity->onRemove(); } }
+
+public:
+	int addEntity(Entity* entity) {
+		if (!entity) Failed();
+		if (entity->idEntity) Failed();
+		entity->idEntity = ++nextID;
+		entities.emplace(entity->idEntity, entity);
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	int removeEntity(Entity* entity) {
+		if (!entity) Failed();
+		if (entity->idEntity) Failed();
+		if (entity->getLocation().getWorld()) Failed(); // 确保必须已经从其他世界移除
+		entities.erase(entity->idEntity);
+		entity->onRemove();
+		Success();
+	}
+};

src/game/entity/Player.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#include "Player.h"

src/game/entity/Player.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+
+class Player : public Entity, public IDamageable {
+public:
+	Player(const Vector2D& location) : Entity(location) {}
+};

src/game/world/Block.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\..\def.h"
+#include "..\..\utils\gc.h"
+#include "Location.h"
+
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("World.h")]] World;
+
+class Block : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+	friend class Garbage<Block>;
+	friend class World;
+	World* world = nullptr;
+	BlockLocation location;
+
+public:
+	Block(const BlockLocation& location) : location(location) { this->location.setWorld(0); }
+	[[nodiscard]] const BlockLocation& getLocation() const { return location; }
+	virtual void onEnterWorld(World* world, WorldTransportReason reason) {}
+	virtual void onExitWorld(World* world, WorldTransportReason reason) {}
+	virtual void onRemove() { gc.submit<Block>(this); }
+	/**
+	 * 渲染方块影。方块影会覆盖所有的方块。
+	 */
+	virtual void renderShadow() const noexcept {}
+	/**
+	 * 渲染方块本体。渲染范围不应当超过方块占据的范围。
+	 */
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override = 0;
+};
+
+class PureBarrierBlock final : public Block {
+	PureBarrierBlock(const BlockLocation& location) : Block(location) {}
+	~PureBarrierBlock() override {}
+
+public:
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override { renderer.fillWorldBlock(getLocation(), 0xffeeeeee); }
+	void tick() noexcept override {}
+	static PureBarrierBlock* create(const BlockLocation& location) { return allocatedFor(new PureBarrierBlock(location)); }
+};

src/game/world/Location.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-23.
+//
+
+#include "Location.h"
+
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::Shutdown = *manager.create(L"game shutdown", true, true);
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration = *manager.create(L"initial generation", true, true);
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::WorldCollapse = *manager.create(L"world collapse", true, true);
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::BlockBreak = *manager.create(L"block break", true, false);
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::BlockReplace = *manager.create(L"block replace", true, false);
+inline const WorldTransportReason WorldTransportReason::EntityTeleport = *manager.create(L"entity teleport", false, true);

src/game/world/Location.h

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\..\utils\math.h"
+
+using WorldID = QWORD;
+class Location;
+class BlockLocation;
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("World.h")]] World;
+
+/**
+ * 当一个方块/实体被移入/移出世界时，需要有一个理由。
+ * 如果方块移出时附带内置的Shutdown理由，那么方块在移出时会被立刻自动submit至gc。
+ *   Shutdown理由的含义是，世界管理器下的所有世界内的所有方块，都会被依次附带Shutdown理由移出世界。
+ *   此过程中不可以进行其他的方块WorldTransport行为（因为正在遍历方块），也不需要手动清除其他的关联方块。
+ *   禁止在处理附带Shutdown理由的移出世界事件时提交自身给gc。但是方块自身的其他垃圾可能需要手动清理。
+ *
+ * 该类视同enum类。元素只允许引用访问，不允许复制、移动。
+ */
+class WorldTransportReason final {
+	friend class World;
+	struct LessReason;
+
+	class Reason final {
+		friend struct LessReason;
+		friend class WorldTransportReason;
+		const String description;
+		const bool isBlockReason, isEntityReason;
+		~Reason() = default;
+
+	public:
+		Reason(const String& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) : description(description), isBlockReason(isBlockReason), isEntityReason(isEntityReason) {}
+		Reason(String&& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) : description(std::move(description)), isBlockReason(isBlockReason), isEntityReason(isEntityReason) {}
+		Reason(const Reason&) = delete;
+		Reason(Reason&&) = delete;
+		Reason& operator=(const Reason&) = delete;
+		Reason& operator=(Reason&&) = delete;
+	};
+
+	struct LessReason {
+		using is_transparent = String;
+		[[nodiscard]] bool operator()(const Reason* const lhs, const Reason* const rhs) const { return lhs->description < rhs->description; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool operator()(const String& str, const Reason* const rhs) const { return str < rhs->description; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool operator()(const Reason* const lhs, const String& str) const { return lhs->description < str; }
+	};
+
+	struct Manager {
+		Set<Reason*, LessReason> reasons;
+		~Manager() { for (Reason* r : reasons) delete deallocating(r); }
+
+		Reason* create(const String& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) {
+			if (const Set<Reason*, LessReason>::const_iterator iter = reasons.find(description); iter != reasons.end()) return iter.operator*();
+			Reason* r = allocatedFor(new Reason(description, isBlockReason, isEntityReason));
+			reasons.emplace(r);
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		Reason* create(String&& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) {
+			if (const Set<Reason*, LessReason>::const_iterator iter = reasons.find(description); iter != reasons.end()) return iter.operator*();
+			Reason* r = allocatedFor(new Reason(std::move(description), isBlockReason, isEntityReason));
+			reasons.emplace(r);
+			return r;
+		}
+	} inline static manager;
+
+	static const WorldTransportReason Shutdown;
+	const Reason* reason;
+	WorldTransportReason(const Reason& reason) : reason(&reason) {}
+
+public:
+	static const WorldTransportReason InitialGeneration;
+	static const WorldTransportReason WorldCollapse;
+	static const WorldTransportReason BlockBreak;
+	static const WorldTransportReason BlockReplace;
+	static const WorldTransportReason EntityTeleport;
+
+	WorldTransportReason() = delete;
+	WorldTransportReason(const WorldTransportReason&) = default;
+	WorldTransportReason(WorldTransportReason&&) = default;
+	WorldTransportReason& operator=(const WorldTransportReason&) = default;
+	WorldTransportReason& operator=(WorldTransportReason&&) = default;
+	~WorldTransportReason() = default;
+	[[nodiscard]] bool operator==(const WorldTransportReason& other) const noexcept { return reason == other.reason; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool operator!=(const WorldTransportReason& other) const noexcept { return reason != other.reason; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isBlockReason() const noexcept { return reason->isBlockReason; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isEntityReason() const noexcept { return reason->isEntityReason; }
+
+	static WorldTransportReason registerReason(const String& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) { return *manager.create(description, isBlockReason, isEntityReason); }
+	static WorldTransportReason registerReason(String&& description, const bool isBlockReason, const bool isEntityReason) { return *manager.create(std::move(description), isBlockReason, isEntityReason); }
+};
+
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] Location {
+	Vector2D position;
+	WorldID idWorld;
+
+public:
+	Location(const Vector2D& position) noexcept : position(position), idWorld(0) {}
+	Location(const Vector2D& position, const WorldID idWorld) noexcept : position(position), idWorld(idWorld) {}
+	Location(const Location& other) noexcept = default;
+	Location(Location&& other) noexcept = default;
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getPosition() const noexcept { return position; }
+	[[nodiscard]] WorldID getWorld() const noexcept { return idWorld; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getX() const noexcept { return position.getX(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getY() const noexcept { return position.getY(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] BlockLocation getBlockLocation() const noexcept;
+
+	void setPosition(const Vector2D& vector) noexcept { position = vector; }
+	void setWorld(const WorldID idWorld) noexcept { this->idWorld = idWorld; }
+};
+
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] BlockLocation {
+	long long x, y;
+	WorldID idWorld;
+
+public:
+	BlockLocation(const long long x, const long long y) noexcept : x(x), y(y), idWorld(0) {}
+	BlockLocation(const Vector2D& position) noexcept : x(static_cast<long long>(position.getX())), y(static_cast<long long>(position.getY())), idWorld(0) {}
+	BlockLocation(const long long x, const long long y, const WorldID idWorld) noexcept : x(x), y(y), idWorld(idWorld) {}
+	BlockLocation(const Vector2D& position, const WorldID idWorld) noexcept : x(static_cast<long long>(std::floor(position.getX()))), y(static_cast<long long>(std::floor(position.getY()))), idWorld(idWorld) {}
+	BlockLocation(const BlockLocation& other) noexcept = default;
+	BlockLocation(BlockLocation&& other) noexcept = default;
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getPosition() const noexcept { return Vector2D(static_cast<double>(x), static_cast<double>(y)); }
+	[[nodiscard]] WorldID getWorld() const noexcept { return idWorld; }
+	[[nodiscard]] long long getX() const noexcept { return x; }
+	[[nodiscard]] long long getY() const noexcept { return y; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Location toLocation() const noexcept { return Location({ static_cast<double>(x), static_cast<double>(y) }, idWorld); }
+
+	void setPosition(const long long x, const long long y) noexcept { this->x = x, this->y = y; }
+	void setWorld(const WorldID idWorld) noexcept { this->idWorld = idWorld; }
+
+	struct Less {
+		bool operator()(const BlockLocation& lhs, const BlockLocation& rhs) const noexcept;
+	};
+};
+
+inline bool BlockLocation::Less::operator()(const BlockLocation& lhs, const BlockLocation& rhs) const noexcept { return lhs.y < rhs.y || (lhs.y == rhs.y && lhs.x < rhs.x); }
+
+
+inline BlockLocation Location::getBlockLocation() const noexcept { return BlockLocation(position, idWorld); }
+

src/game/world/World.h

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\..\def.h"
+#include "..\entity\Entity.h"
+#include "Block.h"
+
+class World;
+class WorldManager;
+
+class World : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+	friend class WorldManager;
+	friend class Garbage<World>;
+	WorldID idWorld;
+	Map<QWORD, Entity*> entities;
+	Map<BlockLocation, Block*, BlockLocation::Less> blocks;
+	using IterEntity = Map<QWORD, Entity*>::const_iterator;
+	using IterBlock = Map<BlockLocation, Block*, BlockLocation::Less>::const_iterator;
+
+protected:
+	World() = default;
+
+	~World() override {
+		Logger.debug(L"~World() called");
+		for (auto& [location, block] : blocks) {
+			block->onExitWorld(this, WorldTransportReason::Shutdown);
+			block->location.setWorld(0);
+			block->world = nullptr;
+			block->onRemove();
+		}
+		for (auto& [id, entity] : entities) {
+			entity->onExitWorld(this, WorldTransportReason::Shutdown);
+			entity->location.setWorld(0);
+			entity->world = nullptr;
+			// entity->onRemove() 交给EntityManager调用
+		}
+	}
+
+public:
+	void render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept override {
+		for (const auto& [location, block] : blocks) block->render(tickDelta);
+		for (const auto& [id, entity] : entities) entity->render(tickDelta);
+		for (const auto& [location, block] : blocks) block->renderShadow();
+	}
+
+	virtual int addEntity(Entity* entity, const WorldTransportReason reason) {
+		if (!entity) Failed();
+		if (!entity->idEntity) Failed();
+		if (entity->location.getWorld()) Failed();
+		if (entity->world) Failed();
+		if (!reason.isEntityReason()) Failed();
+		entity->onEnterWorld(this, reason);
+		entity->location.setWorld(idWorld);
+		entity->world = this;
+		entities.emplace(entity->idEntity, entity);
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	virtual int removeEntity(Entity* entity, const WorldTransportReason reason) {
+		if (!entity) Failed();
+		if (!entity->idEntity) Failed();
+		if (!entities.erase(entity->idEntity)) Failed();
+		if (!reason.isEntityReason()) Failed();
+		entity->onExitWorld(this, reason);
+		entity->location.setWorld(0);
+		entity->world = nullptr;
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	virtual int addBlock(Block* block, const WorldTransportReason reason) {
+		if (!block) Failed();
+		if (block->getLocation().getWorld()) Failed();
+		if (block->world) Failed();
+		if (blocks.contains(block->getLocation())) Failed();
+		if (!reason.isBlockReason()) Failed();
+		blocks.emplace(block->getLocation(), block);
+		block->onEnterWorld(this, reason);
+		block->location.setWorld(idWorld);
+		block->world = this;
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	virtual int removeBlock(Block* block, const WorldTransportReason reason) {
+		if (!block) Failed();
+		if (block->getLocation().getWorld() != idWorld) Failed();
+		if (!blocks.erase(block->getLocation())) Failed();
+		if (!reason.isBlockReason()) Failed();
+		block->onExitWorld(this, reason);
+		block->location.setWorld(0);
+		block->world = nullptr;
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	virtual int removeBlockAt(const BlockLocation& location, const WorldTransportReason reason) {
+		if (!reason.isBlockReason()) Failed();
+		if (location.getWorld() != idWorld) Failed();
+		const IterBlock it = blocks.find(location);
+		if (it == blocks.cend()) Failed();
+		Block* block = it->second;
+		blocks.erase(it);
+		block->onExitWorld(this, reason);
+		block->location.setWorld(0);
+		block->world = nullptr;
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	virtual void onRemove() {
+		// Entity不需要再此处删除，交给EntityManager管理
+		for (auto& [id, entity] : entities) {
+			entity->onExitWorld(this, WorldTransportReason::WorldCollapse);
+			entity->location.setWorld(0);
+			entity->world = nullptr;
+		}
+		for (auto& [location, block] : blocks) {
+			block->onExitWorld(this, WorldTransportReason::WorldCollapse);
+			block->location.setWorld(0);
+			block->world = nullptr;
+			block->onRemove();
+		}
+		gc.submit<World>(this);
+		Logger.debug(L"World::onRemove() called");
+	}
+};
+
+class WorldManager {
+	friend class Game;
+	WorldID nextID = 0;
+	Map<WorldID, World*> worlds;
+	World* current = nullptr;
+	WorldManager() = default;
+	~WorldManager() {
+		Logger.debug(L"~WorldManager() called");
+		for (auto& [id, world] : worlds) world->onRemove();
+	}
+
+public:
+	int addWorld(World* world) {
+		if (!world) Failed();
+		if (world->idWorld) Failed();
+		world->idWorld = ++nextID;
+		worlds.emplace(world->idWorld, world);
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	int removeWorld(World* world) {
+		if (!world) Failed();
+		if (!world->idWorld) Failed();
+		world->idWorld = 0;
+		worlds.erase(world->idWorld);
+		world->onRemove();
+		Success();
+	}
+
+	int setWorld(World* world) {
+		if (!world) Failed();
+		if (world->idWorld) Failed();
+		current = world;
+		Success();
+	}
+};
+
+class StartWorld final : public World {
+	StartWorld() = default;
+	~StartWorld() override { Logger.debug(L"~StartWorld() called"); }
+
+public:
+	void tick() noexcept override {}
+
+	static StartWorld* create() {
+		StartWorld* world = allocatedFor(new StartWorld);
+		world->addBlock(PureBarrierBlock::create(BlockLocation(0, 0)), WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration);
+		world->addBlock(PureBarrierBlock::create(BlockLocation(1, 0)), WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration);
+		world->addBlock(PureBarrierBlock::create(BlockLocation(2, 0)), WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration);
+		world->addBlock(PureBarrierBlock::create(BlockLocation(3, 0)), WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration);
+		world->addBlock(PureBarrierBlock::create(BlockLocation(4, 0)), WorldTransportReason::InitialGeneration);
+		return world;
+	}
+};

src/hbp.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "def.h"
+
+inline HRESULT RemoveDefaultCaption(const HWND hWnd, const MARGINS* p) noexcept { return DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea(hWnd, p); }
+
+inline bool ShowConsoleIO() noexcept {
+	AllocConsole();
+	freopen("CONOUT$", "w", stdout);
+	freopen("CONIN$", "r+", stdin);
+	return true;
+}
+
+inline const String ApplicationName = L"High Blood Pressure";
+inline HINSTANCE MainInstance;
+inline HWND MainWindowHandle;
+inline Thread GameThread;
+inline Thread RenderThread;
+inline bool isRunning = ShowConsoleIO();

src/includes.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "warnings.h"
+
+// Any include
+#include "def.h"
+#include "utils\math.h" // required by Location.h
+#include "utils\File.h"
+#include "utils\exception.h"
+#include "utils\Chars.h"
+
+// utils serialized
+#include "utils\gc.h" // required by utils.h
+#include "utils\utils.h" // required by Task.h
+#include "utils\Task.h"
+#include "hbp.h"
+
+// game basic
+#include "interact\InteractManager.h"
+#include "utils\IText.h"
+#include "game\world\Location.h" // required by Renderer.h
+#include "render\Renderer.h"
+#include "game\Animation.h"
+#include "render\TextureManager.h"
+#include "ui\Hud.h"
+#include "ui\Window.h"
+
+// game
+#include "game\Game.h"
+
+// game extension
+#include "ui\xWindows.h"
+#include "game\entity\Entity.h"
+#include "game\world\Block.h"
+#include "game\world\World.h"
+#include "game\entity\Player.h"

src/interact/InteractManager.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include "InteractManager.h"
 
+#include "..\ui\Window.h"
+
 InteractManager::InteractManager() {
 	keyStatus[0x00].name = L"NONE";
 	keyStatus[0x01].name = L"LeftButton";
@@ -263,5 +265,19 @@ InteractManager::InteractManager() {
 	keyStatus[0xFE].name = L"OEM-Clear";
 }
 
-KeyStatus& InteractManager::getKey(const KeyBinding& binding) noexcept { return keyStatus[binding.keyCode]; }
+void InteractManager::updateMouse(const int x, const int y) noexcept {
+	mouseX = x;
+	mouseY = y;
+	if (y < interactSettings.actual.captionHeight) outsideWindow = 2;
+	else outsideWindow = 1;
+	hovering = false;
+	if (!TrackMouseEvent(&trackMouseEvent)) Logger.error(L"TrackMouseEvent failed. LastError: " + std::to_wstring(GetLastError()));
+}
 
+bool InteractManager::isInSizeBox() const noexcept { return isInWindow() && !isInClientCaption(); }
+
+bool InteractManager::isInClientCaption() const noexcept { return mouseX > interactSettings.actual.marginWidth && mouseX < renderer.getSyncWidth() - interactSettings.actual.marginWidth && mouseY > interactSettings.actual.marginWidth && mouseY < renderer.getSyncHeight() - interactSettings.actual.marginWidth; }
+
+
+KeyStatus& InteractManager::getKey(const KeyBindingLegacy& binding) noexcept { return keyStatus[binding.keyCode]; }
+MouseButtonCode InteractManager::getMouseButtonCode() const noexcept { return (keyStatus[VK_LBUTTON].isPressed() ? static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_L_DOWN) : 0) | (keyStatus[VK_RBUTTON].isPressed() ? static_cast<int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_R_DOWN) : 0) | (keyStatus[VK_MBUTTON].isPressed() ? static_cast<int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_M_DOWN) : 0); }

src/interact/InteractManager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\hbp.h"
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+struct KeyStatus {
+	String name;
+	unsigned int pressTimes = 0;
+	bool pressed = false;
+	bool notDealt = false;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return pressed; }
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return pressTimes; }
+
+	void deals() noexcept {
+		notDealt = false;
+		pressTimes = 0;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept { return L"KeyStatus: { name = \"" + name + L"\"; pressTimes = " + std::to_wstring(pressTimes) + L"; pressed = " + (pressed ? L"true; }" : L"false; }"); }
+};
+
+struct MouseStatus {
+	String name;
+	unsigned int pressTimes = 0;
+	bool pressed = false;
+	bool notDealt = false;
+	bool longHold = false;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return pressed; }
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return pressTimes; }
+
+	void deals() noexcept {
+		notDealt = false;
+		pressTimes = 0;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept { return L"MouseStatus: { name = \"" + name + L"\"; pressTimes = " + std::to_wstring(pressTimes) + L"; pressed = " + (pressed ? L"true, longHold = " : L"false, longHold = ") + (longHold ? L"true; }" : L"false; }"); }
+};
+
+struct KeyBindingLegacy;
+
+class InteractManager {
+	TRACKMOUSEEVENT trackMouseEvent{
+		.cbSize = sizeof(TRACKMOUSEEVENT),
+		.dwFlags = TME_HOVER | TME_LEAVE,
+		.hwndTrack = nullptr,
+		.dwHoverTime = HOVER_DEFAULT
+	};
+	KeyStatus keyStatus[256] {};
+	int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0;
+	int mouseWheel = 0;
+	int rebindResult = 0;
+	char outsideWindow = 0; // 鼠标是否在窗口外部。1位：在客户区；2位：在标题栏
+	bool rebinding = false;
+	bool hovering = false;
+
+public:
+	void initialize() noexcept { trackMouseEvent.hwndTrack = MainWindowHandle; }
+	InteractManager();
+
+	void update(const int keyCode, const bool isPressed) noexcept {
+		if (keyCode >= 256) return;
+		if (rebinding) {
+			rebindResult = keyCode;
+			return;
+		}
+		keyStatus[keyCode].pressed = isPressed;
+		if (isPressed) {
+			keyStatus[keyCode].pressTimes++;
+			keyStatus[keyCode].notDealt = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	void mouseLeaveCaption() noexcept {
+		outsideWindow &= ~2;
+		hovering = false;
+	}
+
+	void mouseLeaveClient() noexcept {
+		outsideWindow &= ~1;
+		hovering = false;
+	}
+
+	void updateMouse(int x, int y) noexcept;
+	void updateWheel(const int wheel) noexcept { mouseWheel += wheel; }
+	void mouseHover() noexcept { hovering = true; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseX() const noexcept { return mouseX; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseY() const noexcept { return mouseY; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getMouseWheel() const noexcept { return mouseWheel; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isHovering() const noexcept { return hovering; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isInWindow() const noexcept { return outsideWindow; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isInSizeBox() const noexcept;
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isInClientCaption() const noexcept;
+	[[nodiscard]] KeyStatus& getKey(const int keyCode) noexcept { return keyStatus[keyCode]; }
+	[[nodiscard]] KeyStatus& getKey(const KeyBindingLegacy& binding) noexcept;
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int /*MouseButtonCode*/ getMouseButtonCode() const noexcept;
+
+	int dealMouseWheel() noexcept {
+		const int ret = mouseWheel;
+		mouseWheel = 0;
+		return ret;
+	}
+};
+
+inline InteractManager interactManager = InteractManager();
+
+struct KeyBindingLegacy {
+	String id;
+	int keyCode;
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept { return interactManager.getKey(keyCode).isPressed(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return interactManager.getKey(keyCode).wasPressed(); }
+	void deals() const noexcept { interactManager.getKey(keyCode).deals(); }
+};
+
+class KeyBinding;
+struct LessKeyBinding;
+class KeyRegion;
+struct LessKeyRegion;
+class KeyBindingManager;
+
+class KeyBinding {
+	friend struct LessKeyBinding;
+	friend class KeyBindingManager;
+	String id;
+	unsigned int pressTimes = 0;
+	unsigned char keyCode[8]{};
+
+public:
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isPressed() const noexcept {
+		for (const int i : keyCode) if (!interactManager.getKey(i).isPressed()) return false;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int wasPressed() const noexcept { return pressTimes; }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] unsigned int boundKeyCount() const noexcept {
+		unsigned int ret = 0;
+		while (keyCode[ret] && ret < 8) ++ret;
+		return ret;
+	}
+};
+
+struct LessKeyBinding { // std::less
+	[[nodiscard]] bool operator()(const KeyBinding& lhs, const KeyBinding& rhs) const noexcept {
+		const unsigned int lc = lhs.boundKeyCount(), rc = rhs.boundKeyCount();
+		if (lc < rc) return false;
+		if (lc > rc) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[0] < rhs.keyCode[0]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[0] > rhs.keyCode[0]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[1] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[1] < rhs.keyCode[1]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[1] > rhs.keyCode[1]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[2] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[2] < rhs.keyCode[2]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[2] > rhs.keyCode[2]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[3] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[3] < rhs.keyCode[3]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[3] > rhs.keyCode[3]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[4] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[4] < rhs.keyCode[4]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[4] > rhs.keyCode[4]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[5] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[5] < rhs.keyCode[5]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[5] > rhs.keyCode[5]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[6] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[6] < rhs.keyCode[6]) return true;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[6] > rhs.keyCode[6]) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[7] == 0) return false;
+		if (lhs.keyCode[7] < rhs.keyCode[7]) return true;
+		return false;
+	}
+};
+
+class KeyRegion {
+	friend struct LessKeyRegion;
+	friend class KeyBindingManager;
+	const unsigned int idRegion;
+	mutable Set<KeyBinding, LessKeyBinding> keyBindings;
+
+	KeyRegion(const unsigned int id) : idRegion(id) {}
+	void addKeyBinding(const KeyBinding& binding) const noexcept { keyBindings.insert(binding); }
+	void addKeyBinding(KeyBinding&& binding) const noexcept { keyBindings.insert(std::move(binding)); }
+};
+
+struct LessKeyRegion {
+	[[nodiscard]] bool operator()(const KeyRegion& lhs, const KeyRegion& rhs) const noexcept { return lhs.idRegion < rhs.idRegion; }
+};
+
+class KeyBindingManager {
+	Set<KeyRegion, LessKeyRegion> keyRegions;
+	unsigned int keyRegionCount = 0;
+
+public:
+	const KeyRegion& registerRegion() noexcept { return keyRegions.emplace(KeyRegion(++keyRegionCount)).first.operator*(); }
+};
+
+class InteractSettings {
+	struct Options {
+		int captionHeight = 120;
+		int marginWidth = 40;
+		int fontHeight = 96;
+		int floatWindowMargin = 16;
+		double mapScale = 32.0; // 1格表现为32像素
+	};
+
+	struct Constants {
+		/**
+		 * 非常重要的设置项。<br>
+		 * 管理ui的缩放比例。
+		 */
+		double uiScale = 1;
+		double screenScale = 1;
+		double smoothCamera = 0.5; // 相机平滑度。为0，始终瞬时设置相机的位置；为1，相机不动。
+		long long msPerTick = 50;
+		long long msPerRender = 16;
+		unsigned int floatWindowBackground = 0xdd000000;
+	};
+
+public:
+	Options options; // 用户设置值
+	Options actual; // 适应Scale后的实际值
+	Constants constants;
+
+	InteractSettings& setUiScale(const double scale) noexcept {
+		constants.uiScale = scale;
+		actual.fontHeight = static_cast<int>(options.fontHeight * scale);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	InteractSettings& setScreenScale(const double scale) noexcept {
+		constants.screenScale = scale;
+		actual.captionHeight = static_cast<int>(options.captionHeight * scale);
+		actual.marginWidth = static_cast<int>(options.marginWidth * scale);
+		return *this;
+	}
+};
+
+inline InteractSettings interactSettings = InteractSettings();

src/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+
+#include "includes.h"
+#include "utils\TestCode.h"
+
+long __stdcall UnhandledExceptionHandler(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS exception) {
+	isRunning = false;
+	Logger.error(L"Unhandled exception handler called");
+	const auto ContextRecord = exception->ContextRecord;
+	const auto ExceptionRecord = exception->ExceptionRecord;
+	Logger.print(
+		std::hex,
+		L"Register parameter home addresses:"
+		L"\n        P1Home", ContextRecord->P1Home,
+		L"\n        P2Home", ContextRecord->P2Home,
+		L"\n        P3Home", ContextRecord->P3Home,
+		L"\n        P4Home", ContextRecord->P4Home,
+		L"\n        P5Home", ContextRecord->P5Home,
+		L"\n        P6Home", ContextRecord->P6Home);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Control Flags:"
+		L"\n  ContextFlags", ContextRecord->ContextFlags,
+		L"\n         MxCsr", ContextRecord->MxCsr);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Segment Registers and processor flags:"
+		L"\n         SegCs", ContextRecord->SegCs,
+		L"\n         SegDs", ContextRecord->SegDs,
+		L"\n         SegEs", ContextRecord->SegEs,
+		L"\n         SegFs", ContextRecord->SegFs,
+		L"\n         SegGs", ContextRecord->SegGs,
+		L"\n         SegSs", ContextRecord->SegSs,
+		L"\n        EFlags", ContextRecord->EFlags);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Debug registers:"
+		L"\n            Dr0", ContextRecord->Dr0,
+		L"\n            Dr1", ContextRecord->Dr1,
+		L"\n            Dr2", ContextRecord->Dr2,
+		L"\n            Dr3", ContextRecord->Dr3,
+		L"\n            Dr6", ContextRecord->Dr6,
+		L"\n            Dr7", ContextRecord->Dr7);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Integer registers:"
+		L"\n             Rax", ContextRecord->Rax,
+		L"\n             Rcx", ContextRecord->Rcx,
+		L"\n             Rdx", ContextRecord->Rdx,
+		L"\n             Rbx", ContextRecord->Rbx,
+		L"\n             Rsp", ContextRecord->Rsp,
+		L"\n             Rbp", ContextRecord->Rbp,
+		L"\n             Rsi", ContextRecord->Rsi,
+		L"\n             Rdi", ContextRecord->Rdi,
+		L"\n              R8", ContextRecord->R8,
+		L"\n              R9", ContextRecord->R9,
+		L"\n             R10", ContextRecord->R10,
+		L"\n             R11", ContextRecord->R11,
+		L"\n             R12", ContextRecord->R12,
+		L"\n             R13", ContextRecord->R13,
+		L"\n             R14", ContextRecord->R14,
+		L"\n             R15", ContextRecord->R15);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Program Counter:"
+		L"\n             Rip", ContextRecord->Rip);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"Floating point state:"
+		L"\n  XMM_SAVE_AREA32:"
+		L"\n          ControlWord", ContextRecord->FltSave.ControlWord,
+		L"\n           StatusWord", ContextRecord->FltSave.StatusWord,
+		L"\n              TagWord", ContextRecord->FltSave.TagWord,
+		L"\n            Reserved1", ContextRecord->FltSave.Reserved1,
+		L"\n          ErrorOpcode", ContextRecord->FltSave.ErrorOpcode,
+		L"\n          ErrorOffset", ContextRecord->FltSave.ErrorOffset,
+		L"\n        ErrorSelector", ContextRecord->FltSave.ErrorSelector,
+		L"\n            Reserved2", ContextRecord->FltSave.Reserved2,
+		L"\n           DataOffset", ContextRecord->FltSave.DataOffset,
+		L"\n         DataSelector", ContextRecord->FltSave.DataSelector,
+		L"\n            Reserved3", ContextRecord->FltSave.Reserved3,
+		L"\n                MxCsr", ContextRecord->FltSave.MxCsr,
+		L"\n           MxCsr_Mask", ContextRecord->FltSave.MxCsr_Mask);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[0]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[0].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[0].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[1]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[1].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[1].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[2]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[2].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[2].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[3]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[3].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[3].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[4]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[4].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[4].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[5]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[5].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[5].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[6]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[6].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[6].Low,
+		L"\n    FloatRegisters[7]",
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[7].High,
+		ContextRecord->FltSave.FloatRegisters[7].Low);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"\n       XmmRegisters[]"
+		L"\n           Xmm0",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm0.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm0.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm1",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm1.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm1.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm2",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm2.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm2.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm3",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm3.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm3.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm4",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm4.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm4.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm5",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm5.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm5.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm6",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm6.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm6.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm7",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm7.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm7.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm8",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm8.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm8.Low,
+		L"\n           Xmm9",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm9.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm9.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm10",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm10.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm10.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm11",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm11.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm11.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm12",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm12.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm12.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm13",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm13.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm13.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm14",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm14.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm14.Low,
+		L"\n          Xmm15",
+		ContextRecord->Xmm15.High,
+		ContextRecord->Xmm15.Low);
+
+	Logger.print(
+		"\nVectorRegister"
+		L"\n              0",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[0].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[0].Low,
+		"\n               1",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[1].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[1].Low,
+		L"\n               2",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[2].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[2].Low,
+		L"\n               3",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[3].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[3].Low,
+		L"\n               4",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[4].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[4].Low,
+		L"\n               5",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[5].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[5].Low,
+		L"\n               6",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[6].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[6].Low,
+		L"\n               7",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[7].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[7].Low,
+		L"\n               8",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[8].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[8].Low,
+		L"\n               9",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[9].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[9].Low,
+		L"\n              10",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[10].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[10].Low,
+		L"\n              11",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[11].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[11].Low,
+		L"\n              12",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[12].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[12].Low,
+		L"\n              13",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[13].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[13].Low,
+		L"\n              14",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[14].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[14].Low,
+		L"\n              15",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[15].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[15].Low,
+		L"\n              16",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[16].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[16].Low,
+		L"\n              17",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[17].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[17].Low,
+		L"\n              18",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[18].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[18].Low,
+		L"\n              19",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[19].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[19].Low,
+		L"\n              20",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[20].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[20].Low,
+		L"\n              21",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[21].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[21].Low,
+		L"\n              22",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[22].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[22].Low,
+		L"\n              23",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[23].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[23].Low,
+		L"\n              24",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[24].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[24].Low,
+		L"\n              25",
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[25].High,
+		ContextRecord->VectorRegister[25].Low,
+		L"\n   VectorControl", ContextRecord->VectorControl);
+	Logger.print(
+		L"\nSpecial debug control registers:"
+		L"\n         DebugControl", ContextRecord->DebugControl,
+		L"\n      LastBranchToRip", ContextRecord->LastBranchToRip,
+		L"\n    LastBranchFromRip", ContextRecord->LastBranchFromRip,
+		L"\n   LastExceptionToRip", ContextRecord->LastExceptionToRip,
+		L"\n LastExceptionFromRip", ContextRecord->LastExceptionFromRip
+	);
+
+	Logger.print(
+		L"\nExceptionRecord:"
+		L"\n         ExceptionCode", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode,
+		L"\n        ExceptionFlags", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags,
+		L"\n      ExceptionAddress", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress,
+		L"\n      NumberParameters", ExceptionRecord->NumberParameters,
+		L"\n  ExceptionInformation",
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[2],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[3],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[4],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[5],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[6],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[7],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[8],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[9],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[10],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[11],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[12],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[13],
+		L"\n      ", ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[14]
+	);
+
+	return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
+}
+
+LRESULT __stdcall WndProc(const HWND hwnd, const UINT uMsg, const WPARAM wParam, const LPARAM lParam) {
+	switch (uMsg) {
+			[[likely]]
+		case WM_PAINT: {
+			PAINTSTRUCT ps;
+			BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
+			if (renderer.checkResizing()) renderer.resizeShow();
+			EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
+			break;
+		}
+			[[likely]]
+		case WM_NCHITTEST: {
+			POINT point = { GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), (GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam)) };
+			ScreenToClient(hwnd, &point);
+			const int xPos = point.x;
+			const int yPos = point.y;
+			if (renderer.windowSize != SIZE_MAXIMIZED) {
+				if (xPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) {
+					if (yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTTOPLEFT;
+					if (renderer.getSyncHeight() - yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTBOTTOMLEFT;
+					return HTLEFT;
+				}
+				if (renderer.getSyncWidth() - xPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) {
+					if (yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTTOPRIGHT;
+					if (renderer.getSyncHeight() - yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTBOTTOMRIGHT;
+					return HTRIGHT;
+				}
+			}
+			if (yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTTOP;
+			if (renderer.windowSize != SIZE_MAXIMIZED && renderer.getSyncHeight() - yPos < interactSettings.actual.marginWidth) return HTBOTTOM;
+			if (yPos < interactSettings.actual.captionHeight) return HTCAPTION;
+			LRESULT lr = 0;
+			DwmDefWindowProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam, &lr);
+			return HTCLIENT;
+		}
+			[[likely]]
+		case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
+			interactManager.updateMouse(GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam));
+			game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_MOVE, 0, interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			break;
+			[[likely]]
+		case WM_NCMOUSEMOVE: {
+			POINT pt{ .x = GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), .y = GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam) };
+			ScreenToClient(MainWindowHandle, &pt);
+			interactManager.updateMouse(pt.x, pt.y);
+			game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_MOVE, 0, interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			break;
+		}
+		case WM_SIZE:
+			renderer.syncSize(GET_X_LPARAM(lParam), GET_Y_LPARAM(lParam));
+			switch (wParam) {
+				case SIZE_RESTORED:
+				case SIZE_MAXIMIZED:
+					renderer.resize(
+						renderer.getSyncWidth(),
+						renderer.getSyncHeight()
+					);
+					PostMessageW(hwnd, WM_EXITSIZEMOVE, 0, 0);
+					break;
+				case SIZE_MINIMIZED:
+				case SIZE_MAXSHOW:
+				case SIZE_MAXHIDE:
+				default:
+					break;
+			}
+			renderer.windowSize = static_cast<byte>(wParam);
+			break;
+		case WM_KEYDOWN:
+			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), true);
+			break;
+		case WM_KEYUP:
+			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), false);
+			break;
+		case WM_SYSKEYDOWN:
+			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), true);
+			break;
+		case WM_SYSKEYUP:
+			interactManager.update(static_cast<int>(wParam), false);
+			break;
+		case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
+		case WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				interactManager.update(VK_LBUTTON, true);
+				if (game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_DOWN, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_L_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY())) return 0;
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
+		case WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				interactManager.update(VK_RBUTTON, true);
+				game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_DOWN, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_R_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_APP_LBUTTONUP:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				interactManager.update(VK_LBUTTON, false);
+				game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_UP, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_L_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_RBUTTONUP:
+		case WM_NCRBUTTONUP:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				interactManager.update(VK_RBUTTON, false);
+				game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_UP, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_R_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_APP_MBUTTONDOWN:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				if (static_cast<QWORD>(wParam) & 0x10u) interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
+				game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_DOWN, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_M_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_MBUTTONUP:
+		case WM_NCMBUTTONUP:
+			if (interactManager.isInClientCaption()) {
+				interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, false);
+				game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_UP, interactManager.getMouseButtonCode() | static_cast<unsigned int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_M_CHANGE), interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			}
+			break;
+		case WM_MOUSEWHEEL:
+			interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
+			interactManager.update(VK_MBUTTON, true);
+			break;
+		case WM_MOUSEHOVER:
+			interactManager.mouseHover();
+			break;
+		case WM_NCMOUSELEAVE:
+			interactManager.mouseLeaveCaption();
+			if (!interactManager.isInWindow()) game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_LEAVE, 0, interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			break;
+		case WM_MOUSELEAVE:
+			interactManager.mouseLeaveClient();
+			if (!interactManager.isInWindow()) game.passEvent(MouseActionCode::MAC_LEAVE, 0, interactManager.getMouseX(), interactManager.getMouseY());
+			break;
+		case WM_DWMCOMPOSITIONCHANGED: {
+			constexpr MARGINS margins{
+				.cxLeftWidth = 0,
+				.cxRightWidth = 0,
+				.cyTopHeight = 0,
+				.cyBottomHeight = 0
+			};
+			RemoveDefaultCaption(hwnd, &margins);
+			break;
+		}
+		case WM_NCCALCSIZE:
+			if (wParam == 1) {
+				NCCALCSIZE_PARAMS* params = reinterpret_cast<NCCALCSIZE_PARAMS*>(lParam);
+				params->rgrc[0].left = params->rgrc[0].left + 0;
+				params->rgrc[0].top = params->rgrc[0].top + 0;
+				params->rgrc[0].right = params->rgrc[0].right - 0;
+				params->rgrc[0].bottom = params->rgrc[0].bottom - 0;
+				renderer.resizeStart();
+				return 0;
+			}
+		case WM_EXITSIZEMOVE:
+			renderer.resizeEnd();
+			renderer.resize(renderer.getSyncWidth(), renderer.getSyncHeight());
+			interactSettings.setScreenScale(static_cast<double>(GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN)) / 2160.);
+			break;
+			[[unlikely]]
+		case WM_DESTROY:
+			PostQuitMessage(0);
+			isRunning = false;
+			return 0;
+			[[unlikely]]
+		case WM_CREATE:
+			SetWindowPos(hwnd, nullptr, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_FRAMECHANGED | SWP_NOSIZE | SWP_NOMOVE | SWP_NOZORDER | SWP_NOOWNERZORDER);
+			renderer.resizeEnd();
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	return DefWindowProcW(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
+}
+
+LRESULT __stdcall HookProc(const int code, const WPARAM wParam, const LPARAM lParam) {
+	if (code < 0) {
+		Logger.log(L"HookProc nCode < 0");
+		return CallNextHookEx(nullptr, code, wParam, lParam);
+	}
+	switch (const MSG* p = reinterpret_cast<MSG*>(lParam); p->message) {
+		case WM_LBUTTONUP:
+		case WM_NCLBUTTONUP:
+			PostMessageW(MainWindowHandle, WM_APP_LBUTTONUP, p->wParam, p->lParam);
+			Logger.info(wParam ? L"[Hook] LButtonUp    (Removed)" : L"[Hook] LButtonUp");
+			return 0;
+		case WM_MBUTTONDOWN:
+		case WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN:
+			PostMessageW(MainWindowHandle, WM_APP_MBUTTONDOWN, p->wParam, p->lParam);
+			Logger.info(wParam ? L"[Hook] MButtonDown  (Removed)" : L"[Hook] MButtonDown");
+			return 0;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	return CallNextHookEx(nullptr, code, wParam, lParam);
+}
+
+using Time = std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>;
+Time lastTick = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+
+void gameThread() {
+	try {
+		using namespace std::chrono;
+		using Time = time_point<system_clock>;
+		while (isRunning) {
+			const Time thisTime = system_clock::now();
+			if (thisTime - lastTick < milliseconds(interactSettings.constants.msPerTick)) {
+				Sleep(1);
+				continue;
+			}
+			game.tick();
+			renderer.tick();
+			lastTick = thisTime;
+		}
+	} catch (const Exception& e) { Logger.error(L"Game thread exception: " + e.getMessage()); }
+	catch (const std::exception& e) { Logger.error(L"Game thread exception: " + atow(e.what())); }
+	Logger.error(L"Game thread ended.");
+	isRunning = false;
+	DestroyWindow(MainWindowHandle);
+}
+
+void renderThread() {
+	try {
+		using namespace std::chrono;
+		using Time = time_point<system_clock>;
+		renderer.initialize();
+		Time lastRender = system_clock::now();
+		// bool _TestFlag = false;
+		while (isRunning) {
+			const Time thisTime = system_clock::now();
+			if (thisTime - lastRender < milliseconds(interactSettings.constants.msPerRender)) {
+				Sleep(1);
+				// if (_TestFlag) _TestFlag = false, Logger.debug(L"Render Test: " + std::to_wstring((thisTime - lastRender) / milliseconds(1)));
+				continue;
+			}
+			// _TestFlag = true;
+			game.render(nRange(static_cast<double>((thisTime - lastTick).count()) / static_cast<double>(interactSettings.constants.msPerRender), 0.0, 1.0));
+			lastRender = thisTime;
+		}
+	} catch (const Exception& e) { Logger.log(L"Render thread exception: " + e.getMessage()); }
+	catch (const std::exception& e) { Logger.log(L"Render thread exception: " + atow(e.what())); }
+	Logger.error(L"Render thread ended.");
+	isRunning = false;
+	DestroyWindow(MainWindowHandle);
+}
+
+int __stdcall wWinMain(const HINSTANCE hInstance, const HINSTANCE, [[maybe_unused]] const LPWSTR lpCmdLine, [[maybe_unused]] const int nShowCmd) {
+	Logger.info(L"wWinMain started");
+	SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+	SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(UnhandledExceptionFilter);
+	translator.initialize();
+	Logger.info(L"--------Program Start--------");
+	for (const auto& [addr, info] : $LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated) { Logger.print(L"  using", addr, info.size, L"B", info.msg); }
+	WNDCLASSEX wc = {};
+	wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
+	wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
+	wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
+	wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
+	wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
+	wc.hInstance = hInstance;
+	wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
+	wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
+	wc.hbrBackground = static_cast<HBRUSH>(GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH));
+	wc.lpszMenuName = L"None";
+	wc.lpszClassName = ApplicationName.c_str();
+	if (!RegisterClassExW(&wc)) return FALSE;
+	if (!SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE)) Logger.print(L"SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext failed. LastError:", GetLastError());
+	MainInstance = hInstance;
+	MainWindowHandle = CreateWindowExW(0, wc.lpszClassName, wc.lpszClassName, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance, nullptr);
+	SetWindowLongW(MainWindowHandle, GWL_STYLE, WS_VISIBLE | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX);
+	constexpr MARGINS margins{
+		.cxLeftWidth = 0,
+		.cxRightWidth = 0,
+		.cyTopHeight = 0,
+		.cyBottomHeight = 0
+	};
+	RemoveDefaultCaption(MainWindowHandle, &margins);
+	SetWindowLongW(MainWindowHandle, GWL_EXSTYLE, GetWindowLongW(MainWindowHandle, GWL_EXSTYLE) | WS_EX_LAYERED);
+	// SetLayeredWindowAttributes(MainWindowHandle, 0xffffff, 0xe0, LWA_COLORKEY | LWA_ALPHA);
+	SetLayeredWindowAttributes(MainWindowHandle, 0xffffff, 0, LWA_COLORKEY);
+	ShowWindow(MainWindowHandle, nShowCmd);
+	const HHOOK hook = SetWindowsHookW(WH_GETMESSAGE, HookProc);
+	const HACCEL hAccelTable = LoadAcceleratorsW(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(109));
+	if (!hook) Logger.error(Logger.of(L"SetWindowsHookW failed. LastError:", GetLastError()));
+	test();
+	{
+		// int a = -40;
+		// game.tasks.pushNewed(allocatedFor(new Task([&a](Task& self) {
+		// 	if (a) SetLayeredWindowAttributes(MainWindowHandle, 0xffffff, static_cast<BYTE>(0xff * (40 + ++a) / 40), LWA_COLORKEY | LWA_ALPHA);
+		// 	else {
+		// 		SetLayeredWindowAttributes(MainWindowHandle, 0xffffff, 0xff, LWA_COLORKEY | LWA_ALPHA);
+		// 		self.schedulePop(true);
+		// 		SetWindowLongW(MainWindowHandle, GWL_EXSTYLE, GetWindowLongW(MainWindowHandle, GWL_EXSTYLE) & ~WS_EX_LAYERED);
+		// 	}
+		// 	return 0;
+		// 	})
+		// ));
+		game.initialize();
+		interactManager.initialize();
+		World* w = StartWorld::create();
+		game.worldManager->addWorld(w);
+		game.worldManager->setWorld(w);
+		GameThread = Thread(gameThread);
+		RenderThread = Thread(renderThread);
+	}
+	MSG msg = { nullptr };
+	while (GetMessageW(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0)) {
+		if (!TranslateAcceleratorW(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg)) {
+			TranslateMessage(&msg);
+			DispatchMessageW(&msg);
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		isRunning = false;
+		if (GameThread.joinable()) GameThread.join();
+		if (RenderThread.joinable()) RenderThread.join();
+	}
+	DestroyAcceleratorTable(hAccelTable);
+	UnhookWindowsHookEx(hook);
+	Logger.info(L"------- Program End --------");
+	for (const auto& [addr, info] : $LimitedUse::memoryManager.allocated) { Logger.print(L"  using", addr, info.size, L"B", info.msg); }
+	{
+		fontManager.finalize(); // 似乎GDI有终止自动回收，所以此代码需要提前
+	}
+	_wsystem(L"pause");
+	return static_cast<int>(msg.wParam);
+}

src/render/Renderer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#include "Renderer.h"
+
+#include "..\game\Game.h"
+#include "..\hbp.h"
+#include "..\interact\InteractManager.h"
+
+void Renderer::gameStartRender() noexcept {
+	isRendering = true;
+	renderThread = std::this_thread::get_id();
+	renderer.fill(0, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, renderer.getWidth(), renderer.getHeight(), 0xff000000);
+}
+
+void Renderer::gameEndRender() noexcept {
+	isRendering = false;
+	BitBlt(MainDC, 0, 0, windowWidth, windowHeight, canvasDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
+	if (isResizing) {
+		if (!resizeCopyBitmap) {
+			resizeCopyWidth = windowWidth;
+			resizeCopyHeight = windowHeight;
+			resizeCopyBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(MainDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+		} else if (resizeCopyWidth != windowWidth || resizeCopyHeight != windowHeight) {
+			renderer.deleteObject(resizeCopyBitmap);
+			resizeCopyBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(MainDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+		}
+		SelectObject(resizeCopyDC, resizeCopyBitmap);
+		BitBlt(resizeCopyDC, 0, 0, windowWidth, windowHeight, canvasDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
+	}
+}
+
+void Renderer::initialize() noexcept {
+	if (MainDC && assistDC && canvasDC) return;
+	MainDC = GetDC(MainWindowHandle);
+	canvasDC = CreateCompatibleDC(MainDC);
+	assistDC = CreateCompatibleDC(canvasDC);
+	resizeCopyDC = CreateCompatibleDC(MainDC);
+	canvasBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(MainDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+	SelectObject(canvasDC, canvasBitmap);
+	assistBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(canvasDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+	SelectObject(assistDC, assistBitmap);
+	if (!canvasDC) Logger.error(L"canvasDC is nullptr");
+	if (!assistDC) Logger.error(L"assistDC is nullptr");
+	if (!resizeCopyDC) Logger.error(L"resizeCopyDC is nullptr");
+	if (!canvasBitmap) Logger.error(L"canvasBitmap is nullptr");
+	if (!assistBitmap) Logger.error(L"assistBitmap is nullptr");
+	SetBkMode(MainDC, TRANSPARENT);
+	SetBkMode(canvasDC, TRANSPARENT);
+	SetBkMode(assistDC, TRANSPARENT);
+	RECT rect;
+	GetWindowRect(MainWindowHandle, &rect);
+	resize(rect.right - rect.left, rect.bottom - rect.top);
+}
+
+void Renderer::resize(const int width, const int height) noexcept(false) {
+	if (windowWidth == width && windowHeight == height) return;
+	windowWidth = width;
+	windowHeight = height;
+	std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+	deleteObject(canvasBitmap);
+	canvasBitmap = nullptr;
+	canvasBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(MainDC, width, height);
+	SelectObject(canvasDC, canvasBitmap);
+	deleteObject(assistBitmap);
+	assistBitmap = nullptr;
+	assistBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(assistDC, width, height);
+	SelectObject(assistDC, assistBitmap);
+	if (!canvasBitmap || !assistBitmap) {
+		if (!resizeReloadBitmap.getContainer()) {
+			game.tasks.pushThis(resizeReloadBitmap);
+			Logger.debug(L"Failed to create bitmap. Pushed task.");
+		}
+	} else Logger.debug(L"Successfully resized bitmap");
+	interactSettings.setUiScale(static_cast<double>(height) / 2160.);
+	game.handleResize();
+	fontManager.resize(width, height);
+}
+
+void Renderer::syncSize(const int width, const int height) noexcept(false) {
+	syncWidth = width;
+	syncHeight = height;
+}
+
+inline Renderer renderer = Renderer();

src/render/Renderer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "..\utils\math.h"
+#include "..\utils\exception.h"
+#include "..\utils\Task.h"
+#include "..\interact\InteractManager.h"
+#include "..\game\world\Location.h"
+
+class Game;
+
+/**
+ * 用于标记相对位置。
+ */
+enum class UILocation : char { LEFT_TOP, LEFT, LEFT_BOTTOM, TOP, CENTER, BOTTOM, RIGHT_TOP, RIGHT, RIGHT_BOTTOM };
+
+interface IRenderable {
+	virtual ~IRenderable() = default;
+	virtual void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept = 0;
+};
+
+interface ITickable {
+	virtual ~ITickable() = default;
+	virtual void tick() noexcept = 0;
+};
+
+struct Color {
+	unsigned int inactive = 0xff777777;
+	unsigned int active = 0xff000000;
+	unsigned int hover = 0xff444444;
+	unsigned int clicked = 0xffeeeeee;
+};
+
+inline static constexpr Color TextColor = {
+	.inactive = 0xff333333,
+	.active = 0xffeeeeee,
+	.hover = 0xffeeeeee,
+	.clicked = 0xff000000
+};
+
+class [[carlbeks::predecl, carlbeks::defineat("Entity.h")]] Entity;
+
+class Camera {
+	Vector2D position; // 当前位置
+	Vector2D velocity; // 移动速度，如果设置了平滑Camera
+	Vector2D targetPosition; // Camera需要移动到的位置
+	Entity* targeting = nullptr;
+
+public:
+	void setTargetEntity(Entity* target) noexcept { targeting = target; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getCurrentX() const noexcept { return position.getX(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getCurrentY() const noexcept { return position.getY(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getTargetX() const noexcept { return targetPosition.getX(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getTargetY() const noexcept { return targetPosition.getY(); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getCurrentPosition() const noexcept { return position; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getVelocity() const noexcept { return velocity; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getTargetPosition() const noexcept { return targetPosition; }
+};
+
+class Renderer final : public ITickable {
+	friend class Game;
+	friend class Font;
+	inline static BLENDFUNCTION blendFunction = {
+		.BlendOp = AC_SRC_OVER, // Only
+		.BlendFlags = 0, // Must 0
+		.SourceConstantAlpha = 255, // 预乘
+		.AlphaFormat = 0, // Not AC_SRC_ALPHA
+	};
+	mutable List<HGDIOBJ> failed;
+	mutable Camera camera;
+	HDC MainDC = nullptr; // 8
+	HDC resizeCopyDC = nullptr; // 8
+	HBITMAP resizeCopyBitmap = nullptr; // 8
+	HDC canvasDC = nullptr; // 8
+	HBITMAP canvasBitmap = nullptr; // 8
+	HDC assistDC = nullptr; // 8
+	HBITMAP assistBitmap = nullptr; // 8
+	std::thread::id renderThread = std::this_thread::get_id();
+	int windowWidth = 0, windowHeight = 0; // 4 + 4
+	/**
+	 * 指示实时大小。为了防抖，只会在改变窗口大小结束时resize并重写windowWidth和windowHeight
+	 */
+	int syncWidth = 0, syncHeight = 0; // 4 + 4
+	/**
+	 * 缓存resizeCopyBitmap的宽高
+	 */
+	int resizeCopyWidth = 0, resizeCopyHeight = 0; // 4 + 4
+	bool isRendering = false; // 1
+	bool isResizing = false; // 1
+
+public:
+	byte windowSize = 0; // 1, Windows: SIZE_***
+	byte reserved[5]{};
+	Task resizeReloadBitmap{
+		[this](Task& task) {
+			Logger.info(L"Scheduled task: resize reload bitmap " + std::to_wstring(windowWidth) + L" * " + std::to_wstring(windowHeight));
+			if (!canvasBitmap) {
+				canvasBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(MainDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+				if (canvasBitmap) SelectObject(canvasDC, canvasBitmap);
+			}
+			if (!assistBitmap) {
+				assistBitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(canvasDC, windowWidth, windowHeight);
+				if (assistBitmap) SelectObject(assistDC, assistBitmap);
+			}
+			if (canvasBitmap && assistBitmap) {
+				task.pop();
+				Logger.info(L"Successfully reload bitmap " + ptrtow(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(canvasBitmap)) + L" " + ptrtow(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(assistBitmap)));
+				this->resizeEnd();
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+private:
+	void gameStartRender() noexcept;
+	void gameEndRender() noexcept;
+
+public:
+	Renderer() { Logger.put(L"Renderer created"); }
+
+	~Renderer() override {
+		Logger.put(L"Renderer destroyed");
+		if (assistDC) DeleteDC(assistDC);
+		if (canvasDC) DeleteDC(canvasDC);
+		if (resizeCopyDC) DeleteDC(resizeCopyDC);
+		if (canvasBitmap) DeleteObject(canvasBitmap);
+		if (assistBitmap) DeleteObject(assistBitmap);
+		if (resizeCopyBitmap) DeleteObject(resizeCopyBitmap);
+	}
+
+	void initialize() noexcept;
+	/**
+	 * 负责转发所有resize信息
+	 */
+	void resize(int width, int height) noexcept(false);
+	void syncSize(int width, int height) noexcept(false);
+	[[nodiscard]] int getWidth() const noexcept { return windowWidth; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getHeight() const noexcept { return windowHeight; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getSyncWidth() const noexcept { return syncWidth; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getSyncHeight() const noexcept { return syncHeight; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool checkResizing() const noexcept { return isResizing; }
+	void tick() noexcept override {}
+	/**
+	 * @attention 会忽略A透明度值
+	 * @param argb ARGB式颜色
+	 * @return int BGR式颜色
+	 */
+	[[nodiscard]] static unsigned int changeColorFormat(const unsigned int argb) { return argb << 16 & 0xff0000 | argb & 0xff00 | argb >> 16 & 0xff; }
+	void assertRendering() const noexcept(false) { if (!isRendering) throw InvalidOperationException(L"Operation should be done while rendering"); }
+	void assertRenderThread() const noexcept(false) { if (std::this_thread::get_id() != renderThread) throw InvalidOperationException(L"Operation should be done in render thread"); }
+	Camera& getCamera() const noexcept { return camera; }
+	void resizeStart() noexcept { isResizing = true; }
+	void resizeShow() const noexcept { StretchBlt(MainDC, 0, 0, syncWidth, syncHeight, resizeCopyDC, 0, 0, resizeCopyWidth, resizeCopyHeight, SRCCOPY); }
+
+	void resizeEnd() noexcept {
+		isResizing = false;
+		deleteObject(resizeCopyBitmap);
+		resizeCopyBitmap = nullptr;
+		resizeCopyWidth = 0;
+		resizeCopyHeight = 0;
+	}
+
+	void deleteObject(HGDIOBJ obj) const noexcept {
+		List<HGDIOBJ> tempList;
+		tempList.swap(failed);
+		for (List<HGDIOBJ>::const_iterator iter = tempList.cbegin(); iter != tempList.cend(); ++iter)
+			if (!DeleteObject(*iter)) {
+				Logger.error(L"DeleteObject failed again. Deleting: " + std::to_wstring(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(*iter)));
+				failed.push_back(*iter);
+			}
+		if (obj && !DeleteObject(obj)) {
+			failed.push_back(obj);
+			Logger.error(L"DeleteObject failed. Deleting: " + std::to_wstring(reinterpret_cast<QWORD>(obj)));
+		}
+	}
+
+	void fill(const int x, const int y, const int w, const int h, const unsigned int color) const {
+		assertRendering();
+		//assertRenderThread();
+		if ((color & 0xff000000) == 0) return;
+		if ((color & 0xff000000) == 0xff000000) {
+			const RECT rect{
+				.left = x,
+				.top = y,
+				.right = x + w,
+				.bottom = y + h
+			};
+			const HBRUSH clr = CreateSolidBrush(changeColorFormat(color));
+			FillRect(canvasDC, &rect, clr);
+			deleteObject(clr);
+		}
+		else {
+			const RECT rect{
+				.left = 0,
+				.top = 0,
+				.right = x + w > windowWidth ? windowWidth - x : w,
+				.bottom = y + h > windowHeight ? windowHeight - y : h
+			};
+			blendFunction.SourceConstantAlpha = color >> 24;
+			const HBRUSH clr = CreateSolidBrush(changeColorFormat(color));
+			FillRect(assistDC, &rect, clr);
+			deleteObject(clr);
+			if (!AlphaBlend(canvasDC, x, y, rect.right, rect.bottom, assistDC, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, blendFunction)) Logger.error(L"AlphaBlend failed");
+		}
+	}
+
+	void fill(const RECT* const rect, const unsigned int color) const {
+		assertRendering();
+		//assertRenderThread();
+		if ((color & 0xff000000) == 0) return;
+		if ((color & 0xff000000) == 0xff000000) {
+			const HBRUSH clr = CreateSolidBrush(changeColorFormat(color));
+			FillRect(canvasDC, rect, clr);
+			deleteObject(clr);
+		}
+		else {
+			const RECT r{
+				.left = 0,
+				.top = 0,
+				.right = rect->right > windowWidth ? windowWidth : rect->right - rect->left,
+				.bottom = rect->bottom > windowHeight ? windowHeight : rect->bottom - rect->top
+			};
+			blendFunction.SourceConstantAlpha = color >> 24;
+			const HBRUSH clr = CreateSolidBrush(changeColorFormat(color));
+			FillRect(assistDC, &r, clr);
+			deleteObject(clr);
+			if (!AlphaBlend(canvasDC, rect->left, rect->top, r.right, r.bottom, assistDC, 0, 0, r.right, r.bottom, blendFunction)) Logger.error(L"AlphaBlend failed");
+		}
+	}
+
+	void fillWorld(const Vector2D& from, const Vector2D& to, const unsigned int color) const {
+		RECT rect{};
+		Vector2D vector = (from - camera.getCurrentPosition()) * interactSettings.actual.mapScale;
+		rect.left = static_cast<long>(vector.getX());
+		if (rect.left >= windowWidth) return;
+		rect.top = static_cast<long>(vector.getY());
+		if (rect.top >= windowHeight) return;
+		vector = (to - camera.getCurrentPosition()) * interactSettings.actual.mapScale;
+		rect.right = static_cast<long>(vector.getX());
+		if (rect.right < 0) return;
+		rect.bottom = static_cast<long>(vector.getY());
+		if (rect.bottom < 0) return;
+		fill(&rect, color);
+	}
+
+	void fillWorld(const Vector2D& from, const double blockWidth, const double blockHeight, const unsigned int color) const {
+		RECT rect{};
+		Vector2D vector = (from - camera.getCurrentPosition()) * interactSettings.actual.mapScale;
+		rect.left = static_cast<long>(vector.getX());
+		if (rect.left >= windowWidth) return;
+		rect.top = static_cast<long>(vector.getY());
+		if (rect.top >= windowHeight) return;
+		vector += Vector2D(blockWidth, blockHeight).multiply(interactSettings.actual.mapScale);
+		rect.right = static_cast<long>(vector.getX());
+		if (rect.right < 0) return;
+		rect.bottom = static_cast<long>(vector.getY());
+		if (rect.bottom < 0) return;
+		fill(&rect, color);
+	}
+
+	void fillWorldBlock(const BlockLocation& from, const unsigned int color) const { fillWorld(from.getPosition(), 1, 1, color); }
+};
+
+extern Renderer renderer;

src/render/TextureManager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+class ITexture {};
+
+class TextureManager {
+	Map<String, ObjectHolder<ITexture>> textures;
+	using IterTexture = Map<String, ObjectHolder<ITexture>>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+	TextureManager() = default;
+};
+
+inline static TextureManager textureManager = TextureManager();

src/ui/Hud.cpp

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
 
 #include "Hud.h"
 
-void Hud::render() const noexcept {}
+void Hud::render(double tickDelta) const noexcept {}
 void Hud::tick() noexcept {}

src/ui/Hud.h

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@
 //
 
 #pragma once
-#include "Renderer.h"
+
+#include "..\render\Renderer.h"
 
 class Hud final : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
 public:
-	void render() const noexcept override;
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
 	void tick() noexcept override;
+	void onResize() noexcept {}
 };
 

src/ui/Window.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#include "Window.h"
+
+#include "..\game\Animation.h"
+#include "..\game\Game.h"
+#include "..\interact\InteractManager.h"
+
+int Window::pop() noexcept {
+	gc.submit(this);
+	Success();
+}
+
+void Window::render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept { for (const Widget* widget : widgets) widget->render(tickDelta); }
+void Window::tick() noexcept { for (Widget* widget : widgets) widget->tick(); }
+void Window::onResize() { for (Widget* widget : widgets) widget->onResize(); }
+
+int Window::passEvent(const MouseActionCode action, const MouseButtonCode value, const int x, const int y) noexcept {
+	int ret = 0;
+	for (Widget* widget : widgets) ret |= widget->passEvent(action, value, x, y);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int WindowManager::pop(Window* value) noexcept {
+	if (value->list != static_cast<AnywhereEditableList*>(this)) {
+		Logger.error(L"AnywhereEditableList::pop() : value is not in this list");
+		Failed();
+	}
+	value->list = nullptr;
+	value->next->prev = value->prev;
+	value->prev->next = value->next;
+	value->onClose();
+	Success();
+}
+
+void WindowManager::clear() noexcept {
+	for (Window& window : *this) {
+		window.list = nullptr;
+		window.onClose();
+	}
+	head.next = nullptr;
+	tail.prev = nullptr;
+}
+
+CaptionWindow::CaptionWindow() {
+	Widget* close = widgets.emplace_back(Button(0, 0, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, UILocation::RIGHT_TOP, L"\\f\1\u2716"_literal));
+	close->mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) { DestroyWindow(MainWindowHandle); };
+	close->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(TranslatableText(L"hbp.caption.close").getRenderableString()); };
+	close->absolute();
+	close->backgroundColor.hover = 0xffee0000;
+	close->backgroundColor.active = 0;
+	close->backgroundColor.inactive = 0xffaaaaaa;
+	close->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xffee8888;
+	close->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	close->foregroundColor.active = 0xff000000;
+	close->foregroundColor.inactive = 0xff000000;
+	close->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+
+	Widget* maxRestore = widgets.emplace_back(Button(-interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, 0, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, UILocation::RIGHT_TOP, IsZoomed(MainWindowHandle) ? L"\\f\1🗗"_literal : L"\\f\1🗖"_literal));
+	maxRestore->mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) {};
+	maxRestore->mouseClick = [](Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) {
+		if ((self.unused[1] = static_cast<char>(IsZoomed(MainWindowHandle)))) ShowWindow(MainWindowHandle, SW_RESTORE);
+		else ShowWindow(MainWindowHandle, SW_MAXIMIZE);
+	};
+	maxRestore->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(self.unused[1] ? TranslatableText(L"hbp.caption.maximize").getRenderableString() : TranslatableText(L"hbp.caption.restore").getRenderableString()); };
+	maxRestore->absolute();
+	maxRestore->unused[1] = static_cast<char>(IsZoomed(MainWindowHandle));
+	maxRestore->backgroundColor.hover = 0xffcccccc;
+	maxRestore->backgroundColor.active = 0;
+	maxRestore->backgroundColor.inactive = 0xff555555;
+	maxRestore->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xffaaaaaa;
+	maxRestore->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	maxRestore->foregroundColor.active = 0xff000000;
+	maxRestore->foregroundColor.inactive = 0xff000000;
+	maxRestore->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+
+	Widget* hide = widgets.emplace_back(Button(-2 * interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, 0, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, UILocation::RIGHT_TOP, L"\\f\1🗕"_literal));
+	hide->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(TranslatableText(L"hbp.caption.minimize").getRenderableString()); };
+	hide->mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) { ShowWindow(MainWindowHandle, SW_MINIMIZE); };
+	hide->absolute();
+	hide->backgroundColor.hover = 0xffcccccc;
+	hide->backgroundColor.active = 0;
+	hide->backgroundColor.inactive = 0xff555555;
+	hide->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xffaaaaaa;
+	hide->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	hide->foregroundColor.active = 0xff000000;
+	hide->foregroundColor.inactive = 0xff000000;
+	hide->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+
+	Widget* options = widgets.emplace_back(Button(0, 0, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, UILocation::LEFT_TOP, L"\\f\1⛭"_literal));
+	options->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) {
+		if (self.containsMouse()) {
+			game.getFloatWindow().push(TranslatableText(L"hbp.float.settings").getRenderableString());
+			game.getFloatWindow().push(TranslatableText(L"hbp.float.freshCanvas").getRenderableString());
+		}
+	};
+	options->mouseClick = [](Widget&, const MouseButtonCode code) { if (static_cast<int>(MouseButtonCodeEnum::MBC_R_DOWN) & code) { game.tasks.pushThis(renderer.resizeReloadBitmap); } };
+	options->absolute();
+	options->backgroundColor.hover = 0xffcccccc;
+	options->backgroundColor.active = 0;
+	options->backgroundColor.inactive = 0xff555555;
+	options->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xffaaaaaa;
+	options->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	options->foregroundColor.active = 0xff000000;
+	options->foregroundColor.inactive = 0xff000000;
+	options->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+}
+
+bool CaptionWindow::onOpen() { throw InvalidOperationException(L"Should not open CaptionWindow"); }
+void CaptionWindow::onClose() { throw InvalidOperationException(L"Should not close CaptionWindow"); }
+
+void CaptionWindow::render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept {
+	renderer.fill(0, 0, renderer.getWidth(), interactSettings.actual.captionHeight, 0xff666666);
+	for (const Widget* widget : widgets) widget->render(tickDelta);
+}
+
+void CaptionWindow::onResize() {
+	int left = 0, right = 0;
+	for (Widget* widget : widgets) {
+		widget->w = interactSettings.actual.captionHeight;
+		widget->h = interactSettings.actual.captionHeight;
+		switch (widget->location) {
+			case UILocation::LEFT_TOP:
+				widget->x = left;
+				left += interactSettings.actual.captionHeight;
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT_TOP:
+				widget->x = right;
+				right -= interactSettings.actual.captionHeight;
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	Window::onResize();
+}
+
+void FloatWindow::render(double tickDelta) const noexcept {
+	if (not interactManager.isInWindow()) {
+		strings.async();
+		return;
+	}
+	if (strings.get().empty()) {
+		strings.async();
+		return;
+	}
+	x = interactManager.getMouseX();
+	y = interactManager.getMouseY();
+	int height = 0, width = 0;
+	for (const RenderableString* str : strings.get()) {
+		height += str->getHeight();
+		if (str->getWidth() > width) width = str->getWidth();
+	}
+	const int fwm2 = interactSettings.actual.floatWindowMargin * 2;
+	x += fwm2; // 做一个偏移。不让小窗左下角直接对准鼠标
+	width += fwm2;
+	height += fwm2;
+	if (x + width > renderer.getWidth()) x = renderer.getWidth() - width;
+	y = y < height + interactSettings.actual.captionHeight ? interactSettings.actual.captionHeight : y - height;
+	renderer.fill(x, y, width, height, interactSettings.constants.floatWindowBackground);
+
+	const int xf = x + interactSettings.actual.floatWindowMargin;
+	int yf = y + interactSettings.actual.floatWindowMargin;
+
+	for (const RenderableString* str : strings.get()) {
+		fontManager.getDefault().draw(*str, xf, yf);
+		yf += str->getHeight();
+	}
+
+	strings.async();
+}
+
+
+unsigned int Widget::colorSelector(const Color& clr) const {
+	if (!isActive) return clr.inactive;
+	if (!hasMouse) return clr.active;
+	if (hasMouseTrigger && (interactManager.getKey(VK_LBUTTON).isPressed() || interactManager.getKey(VK_RBUTTON).isPressed() || interactManager.getKey(VK_MBUTTON).isPressed())) return clr.clicked;
+	return clr.hover;
+}
+
+void Widget::render(double tickDelta) const noexcept { renderer.fill(left, top, width, height, colorSelector(backgroundColor)); }
+
+void Widget::onResize() {
+	if (isAbsoluteLocation) {
+		width = static_cast<int>(w);
+		height = static_cast<int>(h);
+		switch (location) {
+			case UILocation::LEFT_TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::LEFT:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::LEFT_BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+			case UILocation::TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::CENTER:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT_TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT_BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+		}
+	} else {
+		width = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * w);
+		height = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * h);
+		switch (location) {
+			case UILocation::LEFT_TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::LEFT:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::LEFT_BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+			case UILocation::TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::CENTER:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + (renderer.getWidth() - width >> 1);
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT_TOP:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + (renderer.getHeight() - height >> 1);
+				break;
+			case UILocation::RIGHT_BOTTOM:
+				left = static_cast<int>(renderer.getWidth() * x) + renderer.getWidth() - width;
+				top = static_cast<int>(renderer.getHeight() * y) + renderer.getHeight() - height;
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void Button::render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept {
+	Widget::render(tickDelta);
+	if (name) fontManager.getDefault().drawCenter(name->getRenderableString(), left, top, width, height, colorSelector(foregroundColor));
+}
+
+ConfirmWindow& ConfirmWindow::requireConfirm(const Function<void(Button&)>& func) {
+	confirm = dynamic_cast<Button*>(widgets.emplace_back(std::move(Button(0, 0, 0.4, 0.08, UILocation::CENTER, TranslatableText(L"hbp.confirm.confirm")))).ptr());
+	confirm->location = UILocation::CENTER;
+	confirm->backgroundColor.active = 0x99000000;
+	confirm->backgroundColor.hover = 0x9900ff00;
+	confirm->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xff00ee00;
+	confirm->foregroundColor.active = 0xff00ee00;
+	confirm->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	confirm->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+	confirm->y = 0.21;
+	confirm->h = 0.08;
+	if (cancel) {
+		confirm->w = 0.25;
+		confirm->x = -0.125;
+		cancel->x = 0.125;
+		cancel->w = 0.25;
+		cancel->onResize();
+	} else {
+		confirm->w = 0.5;
+		confirm->x = 0;
+	}
+	confirm->onTick = [](Widget& confirm, MouseButtonCode) { if (confirm.containsMouse()) confirm.backgroundColor.hover = dynamic_cast<Button&>(confirm).animation.adaptsColor(0x99008800, 0x9900ff00); };
+	confirm->mouseLeave = [](Widget& confirm, MouseButtonCode) { dynamic_cast<Button&>(confirm).animation.reset(); };
+	if (func) func(*confirm);
+	confirm->onResize();
+	return *this;
+}
+
+ConfirmWindow& ConfirmWindow::requireCancel(const Function<void(Button&)>& func) {
+	cancel = dynamic_cast<Button*>(widgets.emplace_back(std::move(Button(0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.08, UILocation::CENTER, TranslatableText(L"hbp.confirm.cancel")))).ptr());
+	cancel->mouseClick = [this](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) {
+		game.tasks.pushNewed(allocatedFor(new Task([this](Task& self) {
+			if (game.closeWindow(this)) this->onClose();
+			self.pop();
+			})));
+	};
+	cancel->location = UILocation::CENTER;
+	cancel->backgroundColor.active = 0x99000000;
+	cancel->backgroundColor.hover = 0x99ff0000;
+	cancel->backgroundColor.clicked = 0xffee0000;
+	cancel->foregroundColor.active = 0xffee0000;
+	cancel->foregroundColor.hover = 0xff000000;
+	cancel->foregroundColor.clicked = 0xff000000;
+	cancel->y = 0.21;
+	cancel->h = 0.08;
+	if (confirm) {
+		cancel->x = 0;
+		cancel->w = 0.25;
+		confirm->x = -0.125;
+		confirm->w = 0.25;
+		confirm->onResize();
+	} else {
+		cancel->x = 0.125;
+		cancel->w = 0.5;
+	}
+	cancel->onTick = [](Widget& cancel, MouseButtonCode) { if (cancel.containsMouse()) cancel.backgroundColor.hover = dynamic_cast<Button&>(cancel).animation.adaptsColor(0x99880000, 0x99ff0000); };
+	cancel->mouseLeave = [](Widget& cancel, int) { dynamic_cast<Button&>(cancel).animation.reset(); };
+	if (func) func(*cancel);
+	cancel->onResize();
+	return *this;
+}
+
+void ConfirmWindow::onClose() { pop(); }

src/ui/Window.h

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-14.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "..\utils\gc.h"
+#include "..\render\Renderer.h"
+#include "..\game\Animation.h"
+#include "..\utils\IText.h"
+
+class WindowManager;
+
+enum class MouseActionCode : unsigned int {
+	MAC_MOVE = 0,
+	MAC_HOVER = 1,
+	MAC_DOWN = 2,
+	MAC_UP = 3,
+	MAC_DOUBLE = 4,
+	MAC_LEAVE = 5
+};
+
+enum class MouseButtonCodeEnum : unsigned int {
+	MBC_L_DOWN = 0x1,
+	MBC_R_DOWN = 0x2,
+	MBC_M_DOWN = 0x4,
+	MBC_L_CHANGE = 0x10,
+	MBC_R_CHANGE = 0x20,
+	MBC_M_CHANGE = 0x40,
+};
+
+/**
+ * @see MouseButtonCodeEnum
+ */
+using MouseButtonCode = unsigned int;
+
+class Widget : public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+protected:
+	int left = 0, top = 0, width = 0, height = 0;
+
+public:
+	using Action = Function<void(Widget&, MouseButtonCode)>;
+	double x, y, w, h;
+	Action mouseHover; // 传入int为：0，鼠标移动；其余，鼠标在其上的长时间悬浮
+	Action mouseDown; // 传入int表示变更按键。0左, 1中, 2右
+	Action mouseUp; // 传入int表示变更按键。0左, 1中, 2右
+	Action mouseLeave; // 传入int忽略
+	Action mouseClick; // 传入int表示变更按键。0x0左, 0x1中, 0x2右；0x8表示是否双击
+	Action onTick; // 传入int忽略
+	Color backgroundColor;
+	Color foregroundColor{ TextColor };
+
+protected:
+	mutable bool hasMouse = false;
+	mutable bool isActive = true;
+	mutable bool hasMouseTrigger = false;
+	bool isAbsoluteLocation = false;
+
+public:
+	UILocation location;
+	UILocation textLocation = UILocation::CENTER; // 多余字节预声明备用
+	char unused[2]{}; // [0]: [1]: maxRestore_flag_IsZoomed
+
+	Widget(const double x, const double y, const double w, const double h, const UILocation location) : x(x), y(y), w(w), h(h), location(location) {}
+
+	unsigned int colorSelector(const Color& clr) const;
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
+
+	Widget& alignLocation(const UILocation loc) noexcept {
+		location = loc;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Widget& alignTextLocation(const UILocation loc) noexcept {
+		textLocation = loc;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Widget& absolute(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value == isAbsoluteLocation) return *this;
+		isAbsoluteLocation = value;
+		if (renderer.getWidth() != 0 && renderer.getHeight() != 0) onResize();
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	bool containsMouse() const noexcept { return hasMouse; }
+
+	virtual bool isMouseIn(int x, int y) noexcept {
+		x -= left;
+		y -= top;
+		return 0 <= x and x <= width and 0 <= y and y <= height;
+	}
+
+	virtual void onResize();
+	virtual void onHover(const int value) noexcept { if (mouseHover) mouseHover(*this, value); }
+
+	virtual void onMouseDown(const MouseButtonCode code) noexcept {
+		hasMouseTrigger = true;
+		if (mouseDown) mouseDown(*this, code);
+	}
+
+	virtual void onMouseUp(const MouseButtonCode code) noexcept {
+		if (mouseUp) mouseUp(*this, code);
+		if (hasMouseTrigger) onMouseClick(code);
+		hasMouseTrigger = false;
+	}
+
+	virtual void onMouseLeave(const MouseButtonCode value) noexcept {
+		hasMouseTrigger = false;
+		if (mouseLeave) mouseLeave(*this, value);
+	}
+
+	virtual void onMouseClick(const MouseButtonCode value) noexcept { if (mouseClick) mouseClick(*this, value); }
+	void tick() noexcept override { if (onTick) onTick(*this, 0); }
+
+	virtual int passEvent(const MouseActionCode action, const MouseButtonCode value, const int x, const int y) noexcept {
+		if (action == MouseActionCode::MAC_LEAVE || !isMouseIn(x, y)) {
+			if (hasMouse) onMouseLeave(0);
+			hasMouse = false;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		hasMouse = true;
+		switch (action) {
+			case MouseActionCode::MAC_HOVER:
+				onHover(1);
+				break;
+			case MouseActionCode::MAC_MOVE:
+				onHover(0);
+				break;
+			case MouseActionCode::MAC_DOWN:
+				onMouseDown(value);
+				break;
+			case MouseActionCode::MAC_UP:
+				onMouseUp(value);
+				break;
+			case MouseActionCode::MAC_DOUBLE:
+				onMouseClick(0x80);
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+		return 1;
+	}
+};
+
+class Window : public AnywhereEditable<Window, WindowManager>, public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+protected:
+	friend class Garbage<Window>;
+	friend class AnywhereEditableList<Window, WindowManager>;
+	List<ObjectHolder<Widget>> widgets;
+
+	Window() = default;
+
+	~Window() override = default;
+
+public:
+	int pop() noexcept override;
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
+	void tick() noexcept override;
+	/**
+	 * 在Game.setWindow()时，本窗口开启时调用。
+	 * 不应当外部调用。
+	 * 如果返回false，则拒绝设置窗口。
+	 * @return 是否允许将显示窗口设为自身
+	 */
+	virtual bool onOpen() { return true; }
+	/**
+	 * 在Game.setWindow()时，本窗口关闭时调用。
+	 * 不应当外部调用。
+	 * 注意，关闭未必就是删除。
+	 */
+	virtual void onClose() = 0;
+	virtual void onResize();
+	virtual int passEvent(MouseActionCode action, MouseButtonCode value, int x, int y) noexcept;
+};
+
+class WindowManager final : public AnywhereEditableList<Window, WindowManager>, public IRenderable, public ITickable {
+public:
+	void render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept override { for (const Window& i : *this) i.render(tickDelta); }
+	void tick() noexcept override { for (Window& i : *this) i.tick(); }
+	int pop(Window* value) noexcept override;
+	void clear() noexcept;
+	void onResize() noexcept { for (Window& i : *this) i.onResize(); }
+};
+
+class CaptionWindow final : public Window {
+public:
+	CaptionWindow();
+	bool onOpen() override;
+	void onClose() override;
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
+	void onResize() override;
+};
+
+class FloatWindow final : public Window {
+	mutable int x = 0; // 标记渲染起始点
+	mutable int y = 0; // 标记渲染起始点
+	typedef List<ObjectHolder<RenderableString>> lt;
+	SynchronizedHolder<lt> strings;
+
+public:
+	FloatWindow() : Window() {
+		strings.setNew<lt>(std::move(lt()));
+		strings.ok();
+		strings.async();
+	}
+
+	void clear() { strings.setNew<lt>(std::move(lt())); }
+
+	void push(const ObjectHolder<RenderableString>& string) const { if (strings.ptrNew()) strings.getNew().push_back(string); }
+	void push(ObjectHolder<RenderableString>&& string) const { if (strings.ptrNew()) strings.getNew().push_back(std::move(string)); }
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
+	void tick() noexcept override {}
+	bool onOpen() override { return true; }
+	void onClose() override {}
+	void update() const noexcept { strings.ok(); }
+};
+
+class Button : public Widget {
+public:
+	ObjectHolder<IText> name;
+	Animation animation = Animation().features(Animation::AS_CUBIC).setDuration(20);
+	Button(const double x, const double y, const double w, const double h, const UILocation location, const ObjectHolder<IText>& text) : Widget(x, y, w, h, location), name(text) {}
+	Button(const double x, const double y, const double w, const double h, const UILocation location, ObjectHolder<IText>&& text) : Widget(x, y, w, h, location), name(std::move(text)) {}
+	void render(double tickDelta) const noexcept override;
+};
+
+
+class ConfirmWindow : public Window {
+public:
+	ObjectHolder<IText> text;
+	Button
+		*confirm = nullptr,
+		*cancel = nullptr;
+
+private:
+	ConfirmWindow(const ObjectHolder<IText>& text) : Window(), text(text) {}
+	ConfirmWindow(ObjectHolder<IText>&& text) : Window(), text(std::move(text)) {}
+
+public:
+	~ConfirmWindow() override = default; // 不需要delete，析构时Window会自动delete
+
+	void render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept override {
+		int w, h;
+		w = renderer.getWidth(), h = renderer.getHeight();
+		w >>= 2, h >>= 2;
+		renderer.fill(w, h, w + w, h + h, 0xcc222222);
+		fontManager.getDefault().drawCenter(text->getRenderableString(), w, h, w + w, h + (h >> 1), 0xffeeeeee);
+		for (const ObjectHolder<Widget>& widget : widgets) widget->render(tickDelta);
+	}
+
+	ConfirmWindow& requireConfirm(const Function<void(Button&)>& func = {});
+
+	ConfirmWindow& requireCancel(const Function<void(Button&)>& func = {});
+
+	ConfirmWindow&& move() noexcept { return std::move(*this); }
+
+	void onClose() override;
+
+	static ConfirmWindow* of(const ObjectHolder<IText>& text) { return allocatedFor(new ConfirmWindow(text)); }
+	static ConfirmWindow* of(ObjectHolder<IText>&& text) { return allocatedFor(new ConfirmWindow(std::move(text))); }
+};

src/ui/xWindows.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Window.h"
+
+class StartWindow final : public Window {
+	TranslatableText title = TranslatableText(L"hbp.title");
+
+	StartWindow() {
+		Button* start = dynamic_cast<Button*>(widgets.emplace_back(std::move(Button(0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.08, UILocation::CENTER, L"hbp.button.exit"_translates))).ptr());
+		start->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(L"hbp.float.exit"_translates.getRenderableString()); };
+		start->mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) {
+			game.setWindow(&ConfirmWindow::of(L"hbp.confirming.exit"_translates)->requireCancel().requireConfirm([](Button& confirm) {
+				confirm.mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) { DestroyWindow(MainWindowHandle); };
+				confirm.onTick = [](Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) self.backgroundColor.hover = static_cast<Button&>(self).animation.adaptsColor(0x99008800, 0x9900ff00); };
+			}));
+		};
+		Button* optn = dynamic_cast<Button*>(widgets.emplace_back(std::move(Button(0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.08, UILocation::CENTER, L"hbp.button.settings"_translates))).ptr());
+		optn->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(L"hbp.float.settings"_translates.getRenderableString()); };
+		Button* exit = dynamic_cast<Button*>(widgets.emplace_back(std::move(Button(0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.08, UILocation::CENTER, L"hbp.button.start"_translates))).ptr());
+		exit->onTick = [](const Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) game.getFloatWindow().push(L"hbp.float.start"_translates.getRenderableString()); };
+		exit->mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) {
+			game.setWindow(&ConfirmWindow::of(L"hbp.confirming.start"_translates)->requireCancel().requireConfirm([](Button& confirm) {
+				confirm.mouseClick = [](Widget&, MouseButtonCode) { DestroyWindow(MainWindowHandle); };
+				confirm.onTick = [](Widget& self, MouseButtonCode) { if (self.containsMouse()) self.backgroundColor.hover = static_cast<Button&>(self).animation.adaptsColor(0x99008800, 0x9900ff00); };
+			}));
+		};
+	}
+
+public:
+	static StartWindow* create() noexcept { return allocatedFor(new StartWindow()); }
+	void onClose() override { pop(); }
+
+	void render(const double tickDelta) const noexcept override {
+		fontManager.getDefault().drawCenter(title.getRenderableString(), 0, 0, renderer.getWidth(), renderer.getHeight());
+		Window::render(tickDelta);
+	}
+};

src/utils/Chars.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "def.h"
+#include "..\def.h"
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned int wtouib16(const wchar* string) noexcept {
 	unsigned int ret = 0;
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 			ret += *string - L'0';
 		} else if (*string >= L'A' && *string <= L'F') {
 			ret <<= 4;
-			ret += *string - 0x41;// 'A' - 10
+			ret += *string - 0x41; // 'A' - 10
 		} else if (*string >= L'a' && *string <= L'f') {
 			ret <<= 4;
-			ret += *string - 0x61;// 'a' - 10
+			ret += *string - 0x61; // 'a' - 10
 		} else return 0xffffffff;
 		++string;
 	}
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@
 			ret += string[i] - L'0';
 		} else if (string[i] >= L'A' && string[i] <= L'F') {
 			ret <<= 4;
-			ret += string[i] - 0x41;// L'A' - 10
+			ret += string[i] - 55; // L'A' - 10
 		} else if (string[i] >= L'a' && string[i] <= L'f') {
 			ret <<= 4;
-			ret += string[i] - 0x61;// L'a' - 10
+			ret += string[i] - 87; // L'a' - 10
 		} else return 0xffffffff;
 		++i;
 	}
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 }
 
 static constexpr wchar Table16[17] = L"0123456789ABCDEF";
+
 /**
  * 将数字转换为字符串
  * @param value 要转换的数字
@@ -54,20 +55,49 @@ static constexpr wchar Table16[17] = L"0123456789ABCDEF";
  */
 [[nodiscard]] inline String uitowb16(unsigned int value, const unsigned int fills = 1) noexcept {
 	String ret;
-	if (value < static_cast<unsigned int>(1) << fills - 1) {
+	if (fills >= 8 || value < static_cast<unsigned int>(1) << fills * 4) {
 		ret.assign(fills, L'0');
-		for (unsigned int i = fills - 1; i != 0 && value; --i) {
+		for (unsigned int i = fills - 1; i && value; --i) {
 			ret[i] = Table16[value & 0xf];
 			value >>= 4;
 		}
 	} else {
 		unsigned int i = 0;
 		while (i < 8) {
-			if ((value >> i) & 0xf) break;
+			if (value >> i & 0xf) break;
 			++i;
 		}
 		while (i < 8) {
-			ret.push_back(Table16[(value >> i) & 0xf]);
+			ret.push_back(Table16[value >> i & 0xf]);
+			++i;
+		}
+		if (ret.empty()) ret = L"0";
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 将数字转换为字符串
+ * @param value 要转换的数字
+ * @param fills 填充位数。返回的字符串长度一定不小于该值
+ * @return String类型
+ */
+[[nodiscard]] inline String qwtowb16(QWORD value, const unsigned int fills = 1) noexcept {
+	String ret;
+	if (fills >= 16 || value < static_cast<QWORD>(1) << fills * 4) {
+		ret.assign(fills, L'0');
+		for (QWORD i = fills - 1; i && value; --i) {
+			ret[i] = Table16[value & 0xf];
+			value >>= 4;
+		}
+	} else {
+		QWORD i = 0;
+		while (i < 16) {
+			if (value >> i & 0xf) break;
+			++i;
+		}
+		while (i < 16) {
+			ret.push_back(Table16[value >> i & 0xf]);
 			++i;
 		}
 		if (ret.empty()) ret = L"0";
@@ -75,15 +105,15 @@ static constexpr wchar Table16[17] = L"0123456789ABCDEF";
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static constexpr wchar Table10[11] = L"0123456789";
-static constexpr QWORD Compare10[20] = {
-	0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000,
-	100000000, 1000000000, 10000000000, 100000000000,
-	1000000000000, 10000000000000, 100000000000000,
-	1000000000000000, 10000000000000000, 100000000000000000,
-	1000000000000000000, 10000000000000000000
-};
 [[nodiscard]] inline String qwtowb10(QWORD value, const unsigned int fills = 1) noexcept {
+	static constexpr wchar Table10[11] = L"0123456789";
+	static constexpr QWORD Compare10[20] = {
+		0ull, 10ull, 100ull, 1000ull, 10000ull, 100000ull, 1000000ull, 10000000ull,
+		100000000ull, 1000000000ull, 10000000000ull, 100000000000ull,
+		1000000000000ull, 10000000000000ull, 100000000000000ull,
+		1000000000000000ull, 10000000000000000ull, 100000000000000000ull,
+		1000000000000000000ull, 10000000000000000000ull
+	};
 	String ret;
 	if (value < Compare10[fills]) {
 		ret.assign(fills, L'0');
@@ -106,3 +136,22 @@ static constexpr QWORD Compare10[20] = {
 	}
 	return ret;
 }
+
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline String atow(const char* chars) {
+	const int c = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, chars, -1, nullptr, 0);
+	wchar* e = new wchar[c];
+	MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, chars, -1, e, c);
+	String ret(e);
+	delete[] e;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline std::string wtoa(const wchar* wchars) {
+	const int c = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, wchars, -1, nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
+	char* e = new char[c];
+	WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, wchars, -1, e, c, nullptr, nullptr);
+	std::string ret = e;
+	delete[] e;
+	return ret;
+}

src/utils/File.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+#include "exception.h"
+#include "File.h"
+
+File FileAccessor::getAccess(const String& path) {
+	namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+	using Path = fs::path;
+	Path original = path;
+	Path p = original.parent_path();
+	if (!fs::exists(p)) {
+		create_directories(p);
+		Logger.info(L"Created directory " + p.wstring());
+	}
+	return File(p);
+}

src/utils/File.h

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-7.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+class File final {
+public:
+	String path{};
+	std::wfstream file{};
+	int flags = std::ios::in | std::ios::out | std::ios::binary;
+
+	File(const String& path) : path(path) {}
+	File(const File&) = delete;
+	File(File&&) = delete;
+	~File() = default;
+	File& operator=(const File&) = delete;
+	File& operator=(File&&) = delete;
+
+	File& open() {
+		if (file.is_open()) file.close();
+		file.open(path, flags);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& close() {
+		if (file.is_open()) file.close();
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& clearContent() {
+		file.clear();
+		if (file.is_open()) file.close();
+		file.open(path, flags | std::ios::trunc);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& inputs(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value) flags |= std::ios::in;
+		else flags &= ~std::ios::in;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& outputs(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value) flags |= std::ios::out;
+		else flags &= ~std::ios::out;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& binary(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value) flags |= std::ios::binary;
+		else flags &= ~std::ios::binary;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& append(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value) flags |= std::ios::app;
+		else flags &= ~std::ios::app;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& truncate(const bool value = true) {
+		if (value) flags |= std::ios::trunc;
+		else flags &= ~std::ios::trunc;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	template <typename T>
+	File& operator<<(T&& value) {
+		if (file.is_open()) file << std::forward<T>(value);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	File& operator<<(decltype(std::endl<wchar, std::char_traits<wchar>>)& value) {
+		if (file.is_open()) file << value;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	template <typename T>
+	File& operator>>(T&& value) {
+		if (file.is_open()) file >> std::forward<T>(value);
+		return *this;
+	}
+};
+
+class Data {
+public:
+	enum class DataType : unsigned char {
+		Integer, Double, String, Boolean, Null, List, Object
+	};
+
+private:
+	String name;
+	String value;
+	DataType type;
+
+public:
+	Data(String&& name, String&& value, const DataType type): name(std::move(name)), value(std::move(value)), type(type) {}
+};
+
+class DataLoader {
+	File file;
+
+	int parseString(int& line, String& string) {
+		while (!file.file.eof()) {
+			wchar c = file.file.get();
+			if (c == L'\"') Success();
+			if (c == L'\\') { c = file.file.get(); }
+		}
+		errorInfo = L"Error: String never ends. EOF comes before a '\"'";
+		Failed();
+	}
+
+	int loadUntil(int& line, wchar at = 0) {
+		String name = {};
+		String val = {};
+		enum : unsigned char { identifier, eq, value, end } status = identifier;
+		while (!file.file.eof()) {
+			const wchar c = file.file.get();
+			if (c == L'\n') ++line;
+			switch (status) {
+				case identifier:
+					if (!isspace(c)) name.append(1, c);
+					else if (!name.empty()) status = eq;
+					break;
+				case eq:
+					if (c == L'=') status = value;
+					else if (!isspace(c)) {
+						errorInfo = L"Error: expected '=' after identifier at line " + std::to_wstring(line);
+						Failed();
+					}
+					break;
+				case value:
+					if (!isspace(c)) { if (c == L'\"') {} }
+					break;
+				case end:
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+public:
+	String errorInfo = {};
+	DataLoader(const String& path) : file(path) {}
+	DataLoader(const DataLoader&) = delete;
+	DataLoader(DataLoader&&) = delete;
+	DataLoader& operator=(const DataLoader&) = delete;
+	DataLoader& operator=(DataLoader&&) = delete;
+	~DataLoader() = default;
+
+	int load() {
+		int line = 1;
+		return loadUntil(line);
+	}
+};
+
+class FileAccessor {
+public:
+	[[nodiscard]] bool exists(const String& path) const { return std::filesystem::exists(path); }
+
+	File getAccess(const String& path);
+};
+
+inline FileAccessor fileAccessor = FileAccessor();

src/utils/IText.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
+//
+
+#include "IText.h"
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "..\render\Renderer.h"
+
+int RenderableString::getHeight() const noexcept {
+	int height = 0;
+	for (const StringConfig& config : configs) if (const Font& font = fontManager.get(config.idFont); font.getHeight() > height) height = font.getHeight();
+	return height;
+}
+
+int RenderableString::getWidth(const FontID defaultID) const noexcept {
+	int width = 0;
+	for (const StringConfig& config : configs) width += fontManager.get(config.idFont ? config.idFont : defaultID).getWidth(config);
+	return width;
+}
+
+int RenderableString::getWidth(RenderConfig* renderConfigs, const FontID defaultID) const noexcept {
+	int width = 0;
+	int i = 0;
+	for (const StringConfig& config : configs) {
+		renderConfigs[i].config = &config;
+		const Font& font = fontManager.get(config.idFont ? config.idFont : defaultID);
+		renderConfigs[i].font = &font;
+		width += renderConfigs[i].width = font.getWidth(config);
+		++i;
+	}
+	return width;
+}
+
+int Font::drawSingle(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config, const int x, const int y, const unsigned int defaultColor) const {
+	SelectObject(renderer.canvasDC, tryCreate(config));
+	RECT rect{
+		.left = x,
+		.top = y + yOffsetPx,
+		.right = 0,
+		.bottom = 0
+	};
+	SetTextColor(renderer.canvasDC, config.isDefaultColor() ? defaultColor : Renderer::changeColorFormat(config.color));
+	DrawTextW(renderer.canvasDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_NOCLIP | DT_CALCRECT);
+	if (!config.isDefaultBackground()) renderer.fill(&rect, config.background);
+	DrawTextW(renderer.canvasDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_NOCLIP);
+	return rect.right;
+}
+
+void Font::drawDirect(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config, const int x, const int y, const unsigned int defaultColor) const {
+	SelectObject(renderer.canvasDC, tryCreate(config));
+	RECT rect{
+		.left = x,
+		.top = y + yOffsetPx,
+		.right = 0,
+		.bottom = 0
+	};
+	SetTextColor(renderer.canvasDC, config.isDefaultColor() ? defaultColor : Renderer::changeColorFormat(config.color));
+	if (!config.isDefaultBackground()) renderer.fill(&rect, config.background);
+	DrawTextW(renderer.canvasDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_NOCLIP);
+}
+
+void Font::clear() const {
+	for (const auto& [_, fnt] : fonts) renderer.deleteObject(fnt);
+	fonts.clear();
+}
+
+void Font::draw(const RenderableString& text, int x, const int y, const unsigned int color) const {
+	const COLORREF defaultColor = Renderer::changeColorFormat(color);
+	for (const RenderableString::StringConfig& config : text.configs) {
+		if (config.idFont) {
+			x = fontManager.get(config.idFont).drawSingle(config, x, y, defaultColor);
+			continue;
+		}
+		SelectObject(renderer.canvasDC, tryCreate(config));
+		RECT rect{
+			.left = x,
+			.top = y + yOffsetPx,
+			.right = 0,
+			.bottom = 0
+		};
+		SetTextColor(renderer.canvasDC, config.isDefaultColor() ? defaultColor : Renderer::changeColorFormat(config.color));
+		DrawTextW(renderer.canvasDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_NOCLIP | DT_CALCRECT);
+		if (!config.isDefaultBackground()) renderer.fill(&rect, config.background);
+		x = rect.right;
+		DrawTextW(renderer.canvasDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_SINGLELINE | DT_NOCLIP);
+	}
+}
+
+void Font::drawCenter(const RenderableString& text, int x, int y, const int w, const int h, const unsigned int color) const {
+	const COLORREF defaultColor = Renderer::changeColorFormat(color);
+	using RenderConfig = RenderableString::RenderConfig;
+	const QWORD size = text.configs.size();
+	RenderConfig* configs = allocatedFor(new RenderConfig[size], sizeof(RenderConfig) * size);
+	const int stringWidth = text.getWidth(configs, id);
+	x += w - stringWidth >> 1;
+	y += h - text.getHeight() >> 1;
+	for (QWORD i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+		configs[i].font->drawDirect(*configs[i].config, x, y, defaultColor);
+		x += configs[i].width;
+	}
+	delete[] deallocating(configs);
+}
+
+int Font::getWidth(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config) const {
+	HFONT const font = tryCreate(config);
+	RECT rect{};
+	SelectObject(renderer.assistDC, font);
+	DrawTextW(renderer.assistDC, config.text.c_str(), static_cast<int>(config.text.length()), &rect, DT_CALCRECT | DT_NOCLIP | DT_SINGLELINE);
+	return rect.right;
+}
+
+const String& TranslatableText::getText() const noexcept {
+	refreshText();
+	return target->getText();
+}
+
+const RenderableString& TranslatableText::getRenderableString() const noexcept {
+	refreshText();
+	return target->getRenderableString();
+}
+
+void TranslatableText::refreshText() const noexcept {
+	if (target == nullptr || langConfig == translator.getConfigVersion()) {
+		target = translator.getText(idSrc);
+		langConfig = translator.getConfigVersion();
+	}
+}
+
+void languageMakeChinese(Language& lang) {
+	Logger.debug(L"languageMakeChinese called");
+	Map<std::wstring, TranslatedText>& map = lang.translateTable;
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.title", TranslatedText(L"高血压"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.confirm.confirm", TranslatedText(L"确认"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.confirm.cancel", TranslatedText(L"取消"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.caption.close", TranslatedText(L"\\#ffee0000关闭窗口"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.caption.maximize", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff4488ee最大化窗口"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.caption.restore", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff4488ee复原窗口"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.caption.minimize", TranslatedText(L"\\#ffeeaaaa最小化窗口"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.float.freshCanvas", TranslatedText(L"\\.ff4488aa\\#ff000000右键以刷新窗口绘制"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.button.exit", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff44ee66退出"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.float.exit", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff44ee66退出游戏"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.confirming.exit", TranslatedText(L"是否\\#ff44ee66退出游戏\\r？"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.button.settings", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff4488aa设置"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.float.settings", TranslatedText(L"\\#ff4488aa设置"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.button.start", TranslatedText(L"\\#ffee0000开始"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.float.start", TranslatedText(L"\\#ffee0000开始游戏"));
+	map.emplace(L"hbp.confirming.start", TranslatedText(L"是否\\#ffee0000退出游戏\\r？"));
+}
+
+inline Translator translator = Translator();
+inline FontManager fontManager = FontManager();

src/utils/IText.h

@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-16.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "Chars.h"
+#include "exception.h"
+#include "..\interact\InteractManager.h"
+
+class LiteralText;
+class Translator;
+// class Font;
+class FontManager;
+
+using FontStyle = int;
+using FontID = unsigned short;
+
+class RenderableString {
+	friend class LiteralText;
+	friend class Font;
+
+	struct StringConfig {
+		String text;
+		unsigned int color = -1;
+		unsigned int background = -1;
+		/**
+		 * 位意义
+		 * 1 - bold
+		 * 2 - italic
+		 * 4 - underline
+		 * 8 - strikeThrough
+		 * 16 - default bg
+		 * 32 - default clr
+		 */
+		FontStyle style = 0;
+		FontID idFont = 0;
+
+		StringConfig() = default;
+
+		void reset() noexcept {
+			idFont = 0;
+			color = -1;
+			background = -1;
+			style = 0;
+		}
+
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isBold() const noexcept { return style & 1; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isItalic() const noexcept { return style & 2; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isUnderline() const noexcept { return style & 4; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isStrikeThrough() const noexcept { return style & 8; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isDefaultBackground() const noexcept { return (style & 16) == 0; }
+		[[nodiscard]] bool isDefaultColor() const noexcept { return (style & 32) == 0; }
+		void setBold(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style | 1 : style & ~1; }
+		void setItalic(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style | 2 : style & ~2; }
+		void setUnderline(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style | 4 : style & ~4; }
+		void setStrikeThrough(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style | 8 : style & ~8; }
+		void useDefaultBackground(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style & ~16 : style | 16; }
+		void useDefaultColor(const bool value) noexcept { style = value ? style & ~32 : style | 32; }
+
+		[[nodiscard]] StringConfig copyConfig() const noexcept {
+			StringConfig ret;
+			ret.idFont = idFont;
+			ret.color = color;
+			ret.background = background;
+			ret.style = style;
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		[[nodiscard]] StringConfig copy() const noexcept {
+			StringConfig ret;
+			ret.idFont = idFont;
+			ret.text = text;
+			ret.idFont = idFont;
+			ret.color = color;
+			ret.background = background;
+			ret.style = style;
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept {
+			String ret;
+			ret.append(L"#");
+			ret.append(isDefaultColor() ? L"~~" : uitowb16(color));
+			ret.append(L".");
+			ret.append(isDefaultBackground() ? L"~~" : uitowb16(background));
+			ret.append(L",F");
+			ret.append(std::to_wstring(idFont));
+			ret.append(L",");
+			if (isBold()) ret.append(L"b");
+			if (isItalic()) ret.append(L"i");
+			if (isUnderline()) ret.append(L"u");
+			if (isStrikeThrough()) ret.append(L"s");
+			ret.append(L":");
+			ret.append(text);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	};
+
+	struct RenderConfig {
+		const Font* font;
+		const StringConfig* config;
+		int width;
+	};
+
+	List<StringConfig> configs;
+	using Iterator = List<StringConfig>::iterator;
+	using ConstIterator = List<StringConfig>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+	RenderableString(const String& string): RenderableString(string.c_str(), string.length()) {}
+	RenderableString(String&& string) : RenderableString(string.c_str(), string.length()) {}
+
+	RenderableString(const wchar* const string, const QWORD length = static_cast<QWORD>(-1)) {
+		if (length == -1) parseAppend(string);
+		else parseAppend(string, length);
+	}
+
+	RenderableString(const RenderableString&) = default;
+	RenderableString(RenderableString&&) = default;
+
+	~RenderableString() = default;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] String toString() const noexcept {
+		String ret;
+		for (const auto& config : configs) {
+			ret.append(config.toString());
+			ret.append(L";\n");
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	RenderableString& append(const RenderableString& other) {
+		auto iterator = other.configs.cbegin();
+		int flags = 0;
+		bool clr = true, bg = true, font = true;
+		const unsigned int color = configs.back().color;
+		const unsigned int background = configs.back().background;
+		const FontID idFont = configs.back().idFont;
+		while (iterator != other.configs.cend()) {
+			if (flags >= 3) break;
+			StringConfig config = iterator->copy();
+			if (font) {
+				if (config.idFont == idFont || config.idFont != 0) {
+					font = false;
+					++flags;
+				}
+				else config.idFont = idFont;
+			}
+			if (clr) {
+				if (config.color == color || config.color != 0xffffffff) {
+					clr = false;
+					++flags;
+				}
+				else config.color = color;
+			}
+			if (bg) {
+				if (config.background == background || config.background != 0xffffffff) {
+					bg = false;
+					++flags;
+				}
+				else config.background = background;
+			}
+			configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+			++iterator;
+		}
+		while (iterator != other.configs.cend()) configs.emplace_back(*iterator);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	RenderableString& append(const String& other) {
+		parseAppend(other.c_str(), other.length());
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] int getHeight() const noexcept;
+	[[nodiscard]] int getWidth(FontID defaultID = 0) const noexcept;
+	int getWidth(RenderConfig* renderConfigs, FontID defaultID) const noexcept;
+
+private:
+	void parseAppend(const wchar* string) noexcept {
+		StringConfig config;
+		if (!configs.empty()) {
+			config = configs.back();
+			configs.pop_back();
+		}
+		while (*string != L'\0') {
+			const wchar* start = string;
+			if (!config.text.empty()) {
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				config = config.copyConfig();
+			}
+			while (*string != L'\0' && *string != '\\') ++string;
+			if (*string == L'\0') {
+				if (*start != L'\0') config.text.append(start, string);
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				return;
+			}
+			if (start != string) config.text.append(start, string);
+			if (*++string == L'\0') {
+				config.text.append(start, string);
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				return;
+			}
+			if (!config.text.empty()) {
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				config = config.copyConfig();
+			}
+			switch (*string) {
+				case L'\\':
+					config.text.append(1, L'\\');
+					++string;
+					continue;
+				case L'#': {
+					unsigned long long i = 0;
+					while (i < 9) if (string[i++] == L'\0') goto end;
+					config.color = wtouib16(++string, 8);
+					config.useDefaultColor(false);
+					string += 8;
+					continue;
+				}
+				case L'.': {
+					unsigned long long i = 0;
+					while (i < 9) if (string[i++] == L'\0') goto end;
+					config.background = wtouib16(++string, 8);
+					config.useDefaultBackground(false);
+					string += 8;
+					continue;
+				}
+				case L'F':
+				case L'f':
+					if (*++string == L'\0') goto end;
+					config.idFont = *string;
+					break;
+				case L'-':
+				case L's':
+				case L'S':
+					config.setStrikeThrough(true);
+					break;
+				case L'_':
+				case L'u':
+				case L'U':
+					config.setUnderline(true);
+					break;
+				case L'/':
+				case L'i':
+				case L'I':
+					config.setItalic(true);
+					break;
+				case L'=':
+				case L'b':
+				case L'B':
+					config.setBold(true);
+					break;
+				case L'r':
+				case L'R':
+					if (!config.text.empty()) configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+					config = StringConfig();
+					break;
+				default:
+					config.text.append(string - 1, 2);
+					break;
+			}
+			++string;
+		}
+	end:
+		configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+	}
+
+	void parseAppend(const wchar* string, const QWORD length) noexcept {
+		StringConfig config = StringConfig();
+		if (!configs.empty()) {
+			config = configs.back();
+			configs.pop_back();
+		}
+		const wchar* const end = string + length;
+		while (string < end) {
+			const wchar* start = string;
+			if (!config.text.empty()) {
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				config = config.copyConfig();
+			}
+			while (string < end && *string != '\\') ++string;
+			if (string >= end) {
+				if (start != end) config.text.append(start, end);
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				return;
+			}
+			if (start != string) config.text.append(start, string);
+			if (++string == end) {
+				config.text.append(start, end);
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				return;
+			}
+			if (!config.text.empty()) {
+				configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+				config = config.copyConfig();
+			}
+			switch (*string) {
+				case L'\\':
+					config.text.append(1, L'\\');
+					++string;
+					continue;
+				case L'#': {
+					if (end - string < 9) break;
+					config.color = wtouib16(++string, 8);
+					config.useDefaultColor(false);
+					string += 8;
+					continue;
+				}
+				case L'.': {
+					if (end - string < 9) break;
+					config.background = wtouib16(++string, 8);
+					config.useDefaultBackground(false);
+					string += 8;
+					continue;
+				}
+				case L'F':
+				case L'f':
+					if (++string == end) break;
+					config.idFont = *string;
+					break;
+				case L'-':
+				case L's':
+				case L'S':
+					config.setStrikeThrough(true);
+					break;
+				case L'_':
+				case L'u':
+				case L'U':
+					config.setUnderline(true);
+					break;
+				case L'/':
+				case L'i':
+				case L'I':
+					config.setItalic(true);
+					break;
+				case L'=':
+				case L'b':
+				case L'B':
+					config.setBold(true);
+					break;
+				case L'r':
+				case L'R':
+					if (!config.text.empty()) configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+					config = StringConfig();
+					break;
+				default:
+					config.text.append(string - 1, 2);
+					break;
+			}
+			++string;
+		}
+		configs.push_back(std::move(config));
+	}
+};
+
+inline RenderableString operator""_renderable(const wchar* const text, const QWORD length) noexcept { return RenderableString(String(text, length)); }
+
+class Font {
+public:
+	Function<void(int width, int height)> resize;
+
+private:
+	friend class FontManager;
+	friend class RenderableString;
+	const String name;
+	mutable Map<FontStyle, HFONT> fonts{};
+	double yOffset;
+	double heightModifier;
+	long height;
+	long escapement;
+	long orientation;
+	long yOffsetPx;
+	const FontID id;
+	bool adaptAllSize = false;
+
+	Font(const FontID id, const String& name, const double heightModifier, const double yOffset, const long escapement, const long orientation, const bool adaptAllSize) : name{name}, yOffset(yOffset), heightModifier(heightModifier), height(static_cast<long>(interactSettings.actual.fontHeight * heightModifier)), escapement(escapement), orientation(orientation), yOffsetPx(static_cast<long>(yOffset * height)), id(id), adaptAllSize(adaptAllSize) {}
+
+	Font(const FontID id, String&& name, const double heightModifier, const double yOffset, const long escapement, const long orientation, const bool adaptAllSize) : name{std::move(name)}, yOffset(yOffset), heightModifier(heightModifier), height(static_cast<long>(interactSettings.actual.fontHeight * heightModifier)), escapement(escapement), orientation(orientation), yOffsetPx(static_cast<long>(yOffset * height)), id(id), adaptAllSize(adaptAllSize) {}
+
+public:
+	Font(const Font&) = default;
+	Font(Font&&) = default;
+	~Font() {
+		// 此处Font的回收已经到结束阶段，GDI应该已经收回了资源，不能在手动释放了
+		if (fonts.size()) Logger.warn(L"Font is not successfully cleared when ~Font() called: " + name);
+	}
+
+private:
+	HFONT tryCreate(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config) const {
+		if (const auto iter = fonts.find(config.style); iter != fonts.end()) return iter->second;
+		LOGFONTW f{
+			.lfHeight = height,
+			.lfWidth = 0,
+			.lfEscapement = escapement,
+			.lfOrientation = orientation,
+			.lfWeight = config.isBold() ? FW_BOLD : FW_NORMAL,
+			.lfItalic = config.isItalic(),
+			.lfUnderline = config.isUnderline(),
+			.lfStrikeOut = config.isStrikeThrough(),
+			.lfCharSet = DEFAULT_CHARSET,
+			.lfOutPrecision = OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
+			.lfClipPrecision = CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
+			.lfQuality = static_cast<unsigned char>(adaptAllSize ? DEFAULT_QUALITY : PROOF_QUALITY),
+			.lfPitchAndFamily = FF_DONTCARE,
+			.lfFaceName{}
+		};
+		memcpy(f.lfFaceName, name.c_str(), 64);
+		HFONT fnt = CreateFontIndirectW(&f);
+		fonts.emplace(std::make_pair(config.style, fnt));
+		return fnt;
+	}
+
+	int getWidth(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config) const;
+	int drawSingle(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config, int x, int y, unsigned int defaultColor) const;
+	void drawDirect(const RenderableString::StringConfig& config, int x, int y, unsigned int defaultColor) const;
+
+	void clear() const;
+
+public:
+	void draw(const RenderableString& text, int x, int y, unsigned int color = 0xffeeeeee) const;
+	void drawCenter(const RenderableString& text, int x, int y, int w, int h, unsigned int color = 0xffeeeeee) const;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] int getHeight() const noexcept { return height; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getEscapement() const noexcept { return escapement; }
+	[[nodiscard]] int getOrientation() const noexcept { return orientation; }
+	[[nodiscard]] FontID getID() const noexcept { return id; }
+};
+
+class FontManager {
+	Map<FontID, Font> fonts;
+	Font *defaultFont, *captionFont;
+	FontID assigned = 0;
+	using IterFonts = Map<FontID, Font>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+	FontManager() {
+		captionFont = &newFont(L"Microsoft YaHei UI Light");
+		defaultFont = &newFont(L"Microsoft YaHei UI Light");
+		captionFont->height = interactSettings.actual.captionHeight >> 1;
+		captionFont->resize = [this](int, int) {
+			if (interactSettings.actual.captionHeight != captionFont->height) {
+				captionFont->height = interactSettings.actual.captionHeight >> 1;
+				captionFont->clear();
+			}
+		};
+		newFont(L"Jetbrains Mono", 1.0, -0.078);
+		newFont(L"STSong", 1.0, -0.12);
+		newFont(L"Arial", 1.0, -0.13);
+		newFont(L"", 1.0, -0.05);
+	}
+
+	void finalize() { for (auto& [id, font] : fonts) font.clear(); }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] const Font& get(const FontID id) const noexcept {
+		const IterFonts iter = fonts.find(id);
+		if (iter == fonts.cend()) return *defaultFont;
+		return iter->second;
+	}
+
+	const Font& newFont(const String& name, const double heightModifier = 1.0, const double yOffset = 0.0, const bool adaptAllSize = true, const long escapement = 0, const long orientation = 0) noexcept {
+		++assigned;
+		return fonts.emplace(assigned, std::move(Font(assigned, name, heightModifier, yOffset, adaptAllSize, escapement, orientation))).first->second;
+	}
+
+	Font& newFont(String&& name, const double heightModifier = 1.0, const double yOffset = 0.0, const bool adaptAllSize = true, const long escapement = 0, const long orientation = 0) {
+		++assigned;
+		return fonts.emplace(assigned, std::move(Font(assigned, std::move(name), heightModifier, yOffset, adaptAllSize, escapement, orientation))).first->second;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Font& getDefault() const noexcept { return *defaultFont; }
+
+	void resize(const int width, const int height) {
+		for (auto& [_, font] : fonts)
+			if (font.resize) font.resize(width, height);
+			else {
+				font.height = static_cast<long>(interactSettings.actual.fontHeight * font.heightModifier);
+				font.yOffsetPx = static_cast<long>(font.height * font.yOffset);
+				font.clear();
+			}
+	}
+};
+
+interface IText {
+	virtual ~IText() = default;
+	[[nodiscard]] virtual const String& getText() const noexcept = 0;
+	[[nodiscard]] virtual const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept = 0;
+};
+
+typedef class LiteralText final : public IText {
+	const String string;
+	mutable RenderableString renderableString;
+
+public:
+	LiteralText(const String& string): string(string), renderableString(string) {}
+	LiteralText(String&& string): string(std::move(string)), renderableString(this->string) {}
+
+	const String& getText() const noexcept override { return string; }
+
+	const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept override { return renderableString; }
+} TranslatedText;
+
+inline LiteralText operator""_literal(const wchar* const text, const QWORD length) noexcept { return LiteralText(String(text, length)); }
+
+class TranslatableText final : public IText {
+	const String idSrc;
+	mutable const LiteralText* target = nullptr;
+	mutable QWORD langConfig = 0;
+
+public:
+	TranslatableText(const String& id) : idSrc(id) {}
+	TranslatableText(String&& id) : idSrc(std::move(id)) {}
+	TranslatableText(const TranslatableText& other) : idSrc(other.idSrc) {}
+	TranslatableText(TranslatableText&& other) noexcept : idSrc(std::move(other.idSrc)) {}
+	const String& getID() const noexcept { return idSrc; }
+	const String& getText() const noexcept override;
+	const RenderableString& getRenderableString() const noexcept override;
+	void refreshText() const noexcept;
+};
+
+inline TranslatableText operator""_translates(const wchar* const text, const QWORD length) noexcept { return TranslatableText(String(text, length)); }
+inline TranslatedText operator""__translated(const wchar* const text, const QWORD length) noexcept { return TranslatedText(String(text, length)); }
+
+using LangID = unsigned int;
+
+struct Language {
+	Map<String, TranslatedText> translateTable;
+	LangID id = 1;
+	using IterText = Map<String, TranslatedText>::const_iterator;
+
+	Language(const LangID id) : id(id) {}
+	Language(const Language&) = delete;
+	Language(Language&&) = default;
+	Language& operator=(const Language&) = delete;
+	Language& operator=(Language&&) = default;
+
+	String toString() {
+		std::wstringstream stream{};
+		stream.imbue(std::locale("zh-CN.UTF-8"));
+		stream << L"Language ID: " << id << std::endl;
+		for (const auto& [key, value] : translateTable) stream << L"  " << key << L": (" << value.getText().length() << L") " << value.getText() << std::endl;
+		return stream.str();
+	}
+};
+
+void languageMakeChinese(Language&);
+
+class Translator {
+	Map<String, Language> langMap{};
+	List<Language*> langList{};
+	TranslatedText nullText{L"\\#FF""EE0000<translator-null>"};
+	String lang = L"zh-cn";
+	LangID idLangMax = 0;
+	int langConfig = 1;
+	using IterLangName = Map<String, Language>::const_iterator;
+	using IterLang = List<Language>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+	void initialize() {
+		Language& chinese = addLang(L"zh-cn");
+		languageMakeChinese(chinese);
+		useLanguage(L"zh-cn");
+	}
+
+	Translator() = default;
+	Language& addLang(const String& lang) noexcept { return langMap.insert(std::make_pair(lang, Language(++idLangMax))).first->second; }
+	Language& addLang(String&& lang) noexcept { return langMap.insert(std::make_pair(lang, Language(++idLangMax))).first->second; }
+	Language& getLang(const String& lang) noexcept { return langMap.at(lang); }
+
+	const Language* useLanguage(const String& lang) noexcept {
+		const Map<String, Language>::iterator language = langMap.find(lang);
+		if (language == langMap.cend()) return nullptr;
+		for (const Language* i : langList) if (i->id == language->second.id) return i;
+		langList.push_front(&language->second);
+		return &language->second;
+	}
+
+	void unuseLanguage(const String& lang) noexcept {
+		const Map<String, Language>::iterator language = langMap.find(lang);
+		if (language == langMap.cend()) return;
+		for (const Language* i : langList)
+			if (i->id == language->second.id) {
+				langMap.erase(lang);
+				break;
+			}
+	}
+
+	void loadLang();
+
+	[[nodiscard]] const TranslatedText* getText(const String& id) const noexcept {
+		for (const Language* language : langList) {
+			const Language::IterText iterator = language->translateTable.find(id);
+			if (iterator != language->translateTable.cend()) return &iterator->second;
+		}
+		return &nullText;
+	}
+
+	[[nodiscard]] int getConfigVersion() const noexcept { return langConfig; }
+};
+
+extern Translator translator;
+extern FontManager fontManager;

src/utils/Task.h

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-4.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+class Task;
+class TaskScheduler;
+
+class Task final : public AnywhereEditable<Task> {
+	friend class TaskScheduler;
+#ifndef __CARLBEKS_DEBUG__
+	QWORD triggerInterval = 0, nextExecuteTime = 0, lastExecuteTime = 0;
+#endif
+
+public:
+	Function<void(Task& self)> func;
+
+	Task(const Function<void(Task& self)>& func) : func(func) {}
+	Task(Function<void(Task& self)>&& func) : func(std::move(func)) {}
+	void schedulePop(const bool pop) noexcept { reserved[0] = pop; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool scheduledPop() const noexcept { return reserved[0]; }
+
+	int pop() noexcept override {
+		schedulePop(true);
+		Success();
+	}
+#ifndef __CARLBEKS_DEBUG__
+	Task& every(QWORD tick);
+	Task& after(QWORD tick);
+	Task& until(QWORD tick);
+	Task& forever();
+#endif
+};
+
+class TaskScheduler {
+public:
+	AnywhereEditableList<Task> tasks;
+
+	void runAll() {
+		for (Task& task : tasks) {
+			task.func(task);
+			if (task.scheduledPop()) {
+				task.schedulePop(false);
+				tasks.pop(&task); // pop后删除了内存，迭代器的current失效
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	void pushCopy(Task& task) { tasks.pushCopy(&task); }
+	/* 必须是new Task，交付托管 */
+	void pushNewed(Task* task) { tasks.pushNewed(task); }
+	void pushThis(Task& task) { tasks.pushThis(&task); }
+};

src/utils/TestCode.h

@@ -4,5 +4,4 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-inline void test() {
-}
+inline void test() {}

src/utils/exception.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-22.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "exception.h"
+#include "..\game\Game.h"
+
+String PublicLogger::build(const String& msg, const String& type) const {
+	return L"T-" + qwtowb10(game.getTick(), 8) + name + type + msg + L"\n";
+}

src/utils/exception.h

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\warnings.h"
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "File.h"
+
+class Exception : public std::exception {
+	const String* type;
+
+protected:
+	String msg;
+
+	Exception(String&& msg, const String* type) : type(type), msg(std::move(msg)) {}
+	Exception(const String& msg, const String* type) : type(type), msg(msg) {}
+
+public:
+	[[nodiscard]] String getMessage() const noexcept { return msg; }
+	[[nodiscard]] const String* getType() const noexcept { return type; }
+	[[nodiscard]] const char* what() const override { return "Use Exception::getMessage() instead."; }
+};
+
+class NullPointerException final : public Exception {
+	inline static const String type = L"NullPointerException";
+
+public:
+	NullPointerException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
+	NullPointerException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
+};
+
+class BadAllocationException final : public Exception {
+	inline static const String type = L"BadAllocationException";
+
+public:
+	BadAllocationException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
+	BadAllocationException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
+};
+
+class ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException final : public Exception {
+	inline static const String type = L"ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException";
+
+public:
+	ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
+	ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
+};
+
+class InvalidOperationException final : public Exception {
+	inline static const String type = L"InvalidOperationException";
+
+public:
+	InvalidOperationException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
+	InvalidOperationException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
+};
+
+class RuntimeException final : public Exception {
+	inline static const String type = L"RuntimeException";
+
+public:
+	RuntimeException(String&& msg) : Exception(std::move(msg), &type) {}
+	RuntimeException(const String& msg) : Exception(msg, &type) {}
+};
+
+
+class PublicLogger final {
+	File mainLogger = File(L"log.txt");
+	[[nodiscard]] String build(const String& msg, const String& type) const;
+
+	template<typename T, typename... Ts> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T& t, Ts&&... ts) {
+		stream << std::forward<T>(t);
+		(stream << ... << std::forward<Ts>(ts));
+	}
+	static void prints(std::wstringstream& stream, T&& t, Ts&&... ts) {
+		stream << L" " << std::forward<T>(t);
+		prints(stream, std::forward<Ts>(ts)...);
+	}
+
+	template<typename T> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T&& t) { stream << std::forward<T>(t); }
+	static void prints(std::wstringstream& stream, T&& t) { stream << L" " << std::forward<T>(t); }
+
+	template<typename T, typename... Ts> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T&& t, Ts&&... ts) {
+		stream << std::forward<T>(t);
+		(stream << ... << std::forward<Ts>(ts));
+	}
+	static void ofs(std::wstringstream& stream, T&& t, Ts&&... ts) {
+		stream << L" " << std::forward<T>(t);
+		ofs(stream, std::forward<Ts>(ts)...);
+	}
+
+	template<typename T> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T&& t) { stream << std::forward<T>(t); }
+	static void ofs(std::wstringstream& stream, T&& t) { stream << L" " << std::forward<T>(t); }
+
+public:
+	const String name;
+
+	PublicLogger(const String& name): name(L" [" + name + L"] ") {
+		std::wcout << L"PublicLogger created\n";
+		std::wcout.imbue(std::locale("zh-CN.UTF-8"));
+		mainLogger.truncate().open();
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& put(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = L"          " + name + L"        " + msg + L"\n";
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& trace(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Trace] ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& debug(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Debug] ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& log(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Log]   ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& info(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Info]  ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& warn(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Warn]  ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	PublicLogger& error(const String& msg) noexcept {
+		String str = build(msg, L"[Error] ");
+		std::wcout << str;
+		mainLogger << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	template<typename T> requires requires(T t) { std::wcout << t; }
+	PublicLogger& print(T&& msg) noexcept {
+		std::wstringstream stream = {};
+		stream << L"          " << name << L"        " << msg << std::endl;
+		String str = stream.str();
+		mainLogger << str;
+		std::wcout << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	template<typename T, typename... Ts> requires requires(T t, Ts... ts) {
+		std::wcout << t;
+		(std::wcout << ... << std::forward<Ts>(ts));
+	}
+	PublicLogger& print(T&& msg, Ts&&... other) noexcept {
+		std::wstringstream stream = {};
+		stream << L"          " << name << L"        " << msg;
+		prints(stream, other...);
+		stream << std::endl;
+		String str = stream.str();
+		mainLogger << str;
+		std::wcout << str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	template<typename T, typename... Ts> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T&& t, Ts&&... ts) {
+		stream << std::forward<T>(t);
+		(stream << ... << std::forward<Ts>(ts));
+	}
+	String of(T&& t, Ts&&... ts) const {
+		std::wstringstream stream = {};
+		stream << std::forward<T>(t);
+		ofs(stream, ts...);
+		return stream.str();
+	}
+
+	template<typename T> requires requires(std::wstringstream stream, T&& t) { std::wstringstream(t); }
+	String of(T&& ts) const {
+		std::wstringstream stream = {};
+		ofs(stream, ts...);
+		return stream.str();
+	}
+};
+
+[[carlbeks::releasedat("def.cpp")]] inline PublicLogger& Logger = *new PublicLogger(L"Main");
+

src/utils/gc.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-6.
+//
+
+#include "gc.h"

src/utils/gc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-6.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\warnings.h"
+#include "..\def.h"
+#include "exception.h"
+
+struct IGarbage;
+template <typename T>
+class Garbage;
+class GarbageCollector;
+
+struct IGarbage {
+private:
+	friend class GarbageCollector;
+	IGarbage* next = nullptr;
+
+protected:
+	void* ptr;
+	IGarbage(void* ptr) : ptr(ptr) {}
+	virtual ~IGarbage() = default;
+	virtual void collect() = 0;
+	virtual void deleteThis() = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class Garbage final : public IGarbage {
+	friend class GarbageCollector;
+
+public:
+	Garbage(T* ptr) : IGarbage(ptr) {}
+	void collect() override { delete static_cast<T*>(deallocating(ptr)); }
+
+protected:
+	void deleteThis() override { delete deallocating(this); }
+};
+
+class GarbageCollector {
+	IGarbage* submitted = nullptr;
+	IGarbage* submittedEnd = nullptr;
+	IGarbage* packed = nullptr;
+	IGarbage* packedEnd = nullptr;
+	IGarbage* processing = nullptr;
+
+public:
+	GarbageCollector() { Logger.info(L"initialize GarbageCollector"); }
+	GarbageCollector(const GarbageCollector&) = delete;
+	GarbageCollector(GarbageCollector&&) = delete;
+	GarbageCollector& operator=(const GarbageCollector&) = delete;
+	GarbageCollector& operator=(GarbageCollector&&) = delete;
+
+	~GarbageCollector() {
+		IGarbage* iter;
+		while (processing) {
+			iter = processing->next;
+			processing->collect();
+			processing->deleteThis();
+			processing = iter;
+		}
+		while (packed) {
+			iter = packed->next;
+			packed->collect();
+			packed->deleteThis();
+			packed = iter;
+		}
+		while (submitted) {
+			iter = submitted->next;
+			submitted->collect();
+			submitted->deleteThis();
+			submitted = iter;
+		}
+		submittedEnd = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	/** 只能在gameThread调用 */
+	template<TypeName T>
+	void submit(T* ptr) noexcept(false) {
+		IGarbage* newedGarbage = allocatedFor(new Garbage<T>(ptr));
+		builtinSubmit(newedGarbage);
+	}
+
+	void builtinSubmit(IGarbage* const newedGarbage) noexcept(false) {
+		if (IGarbage* end = submittedEnd) { // 后续添加，可能存在线程竞争
+			while (end->next) end = end->next; // 理论上不会进入循环，但防止万一
+			end->next = newedGarbage;
+			if (submitted) submittedEnd = newedGarbage; // 参考pack()，submitted会被先置空
+			std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+			if (!submitted) submittedEnd = nullptr; // 防止submittedEnd = garbage在pack()中置空后进行。此函数是同步的，所以可以这样操作。
+		}
+		else { // 添加首个，一定不会有线程竞争；或先前的已经pack
+			submitted = newedGarbage;
+			submittedEnd = newedGarbage;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** 只能在renderThread调用 */
+	void pack() {
+		if (!submitted) return; // 提交链为空，不进行后续操作，防止竞争
+		std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+		IGarbage* submit = submitted;
+		IGarbage* submitEnd = submittedEnd;
+		submitted = nullptr; // 先把这个置为nullptr
+		std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+		submittedEnd = nullptr;
+		if (IGarbage* end = packedEnd) {
+			while (end->next) end = end->next; // 以防万一
+			end->next = submit;
+			if (packed) packedEnd = submitEnd;
+			std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+			if (!packed) packedEnd = nullptr;
+		}
+		else {
+			packed = submit;
+			packedEnd = submitEnd;
+		}
+		while (packedEnd->next) packedEnd = packedEnd->next;
+	}
+
+	/** 只能在gameThread调用 */
+	void collect() {
+		IGarbage* next;
+		while (processing) {
+			next = processing->next;
+			processing->next = nullptr;
+			processing->collect();
+			processing->deleteThis();
+			processing = next;
+		}
+		if (!packed) return;
+		// 搬运packed且搬运期间的packed链必须必须完全固定
+		// 保证运行顺序
+		processing = packed;
+		packed = nullptr;
+		std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+		packedEnd = nullptr;
+		std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
+		while (processing) {
+			next = processing->next;
+			processing->next = nullptr;
+			processing->collect();
+			processing->deleteThis();
+			processing = next;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+inline GarbageCollector& [[carlbeks::releasedat("def.cpp")]] gc = *new GarbageCollector();

src/utils/math.h

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-21.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "..\warnings.h"
+#include "..\def.h"
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& nRange(const T& val, const T& min, const T& max) { return val < min ? min : val > max ? max : val; }
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& nMin(const T& a, const T& b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& nMin(const T& val0, const T& val1, const T& vals...) { return nMin(nMin(val0, val1), nMin(vals...)); }
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& nMax(const T& a, const T& b) { return a > b ? a : b; }
+
+template <typename T>
+const T& nMax(const T& val0, const T& val1, const T& vals...) { return nMax(nMin(val0, val1), nMax(vals...)); }
+
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] Vector3D;
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] Vector2D;
+
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] Vector3D {
+	double x, y, z;
+
+public:
+	Vector3D(const double x, const double y, const double z) noexcept : x(x), y(y), z(z) {}
+	Vector3D() noexcept : x(0), y(0), z(0) {}
+	Vector3D(const Vector3D& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector3D(Vector3D&& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector3D& operator=(const Vector3D& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector3D& operator=(Vector3D&& other) noexcept = default;
+	~Vector3D() noexcept = default;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] double getX() const noexcept { return x; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getY() const noexcept { return y; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getZ() const noexcept { return z; }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D operator+(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return Vector3D(x + other.x, y + other.y, z + other.z); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D operator-(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return Vector3D(x - other.x, y - other.y, z - other.z); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D operator*(const double scalar) const noexcept { return Vector3D(x * scalar, y * scalar, z * scalar); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D operator/(const double scalar) const noexcept { return Vector3D(x / scalar, y / scalar, z / scalar); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double operator*(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return x * other.x + y * other.y + z * other.z; }
+	Vector3D& operator+=(const Vector3D& other) noexcept { return x += other.x, y += other.y, z += other.z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& operator-=(const Vector3D& other) noexcept { return x -= other.x, y -= other.y, z -= other.z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& operator*=(const double scalar) noexcept { return x *= scalar, y *= scalar, z *= scalar, *this; }
+	Vector3D& operator/=(const double scalar) noexcept { return x /= scalar, y /= scalar, z /= scalar, *this; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D operator-() const noexcept { return Vector3D(-x, -y, -z); }
+	bool operator==(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return x == other.x && y == other.y && z == other.z; }
+	bool operator!=(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return x != other.x || y != other.y || z != other.z; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double length() const noexcept { return std::sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z); }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D getNormalized() const noexcept {
+		if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0 && z == 0) return Vector3D(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+		const double length = this->length();
+		return Vector3D(x / length, y / length, z / length);
+	}
+
+	Vector3D& normalize() noexcept {
+		if (x == 0 && y == 0 && z == 0) return *this;
+		const double length = this->length();
+		x /= length, y /= length, z /= length;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Vector3D& add(const Vector3D& other) noexcept { return x += other.x, y += other.y, z += other.z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& add(const double x, const double y, const double z) noexcept { return this->x += x, this->y += y, this->z += z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& subtract(const Vector3D& other) noexcept { return x -= other.x, y -= other.y, z -= other.z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& subtract(const double x, const double y, const double z) noexcept { return this->x -= x, this->y -= y, this->z -= z, *this; }
+	Vector3D& multiply(const double value) noexcept { return this->x *= value, this->y *= value, this->z *= value, *this; }
+	Vector3D& divide(const double value) noexcept { return this->x /= value, this->y /= value, this->z /= value, *this; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double dot(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return x * other.x + y * other.y + z * other.z; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D cross(const Vector3D& other) const noexcept { return Vector3D(y * other.z - z * other.y, z * other.x - x * other.z, x * other.y - y * other.x); }
+};
+
+class [[carlbeks::TriviallyCopyable]] Vector2D {
+	double x, y;
+
+public:
+	Vector2D(const double x, const double y) noexcept : x(x), y(y) {}
+	Vector2D() noexcept : x(0), y(0) {}
+	Vector2D(const Vector2D& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector2D(Vector2D&& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector2D& operator=(const Vector2D& other) noexcept = default;
+	Vector2D& operator=(Vector2D&& other) noexcept = default;
+	~Vector2D() noexcept = default;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] double getX() const noexcept { return x; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double getY() const noexcept { return y; }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D operator+(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return Vector2D(x + other.x, y + other.y); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D operator-(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return Vector2D(x - other.x, y - other.y); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D operator*(const double scalar) const noexcept { return Vector2D(x * scalar, y * scalar); }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D operator/(const double scalar) const noexcept { return Vector2D(x / scalar, y / scalar); }
+	[[nodiscard]] double operator*(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return x * other.x + y * other.y; }
+	Vector2D& operator+=(const Vector2D& other) noexcept { return x += other.x, y += other.y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& operator-=(const Vector2D& other) noexcept { return x -= other.x, y -= other.y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& operator*=(const double scalar) noexcept { return x *= scalar, y *= scalar, *this; }
+	Vector2D& operator/=(const double scalar) noexcept { return x /= scalar, y /= scalar, *this; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D operator-() const noexcept { return Vector2D(-x, -y); }
+	bool operator==(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return x == other.x && y == other.y; }
+	bool operator!=(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return x != other.x || y != other.y; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double length() const noexcept { return std::sqrt(x * x + y * y); }
+
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector2D getNormalized() const noexcept {
+		if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0) return Vector2D(0.0, 0.0);
+		const double length = this->length();
+		return Vector2D(x / length, y / length);
+	}
+
+	Vector2D& normalize() noexcept {
+		if (x == 0 && y == 0) return *this;
+		const double length = this->length();
+		x /= length, y /= length;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Vector2D& add(const Vector2D& other) noexcept { return x += other.x, y += other.y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& add(const double x, const double y) noexcept { return this->x += x, this->y += y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& subtract(const Vector2D& other) noexcept { return x -= other.x, y -= other.y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& subtract(const double x, const double y) noexcept { return this->x -= x, this->y -= y, *this; }
+	Vector2D& multiply(const double value) noexcept { return this->x *= value, this->y *= value, *this; }
+	Vector2D& divide(const double value) noexcept { return this->x /= value, this->y /= value, *this; }
+	[[nodiscard]] double dot(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return x * other.x + y * other.y; }
+	[[nodiscard]] Vector3D cross(const Vector2D& other) const noexcept { return Vector3D(0, 0, x * other.y - y * other.x); }
+};

src/utils/utils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-4.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "gc.h"
+
+template <typename T, typename L = void>
+class AnywhereEditable;
+template <typename T, typename L = void>
+class AnywhereEditableList;
+template <typename T, typename L = void>
+class AnywhereIterator;
+class AnywhereIteratorEnd;
+
+
+/**
+ * 此处无法进行代码编译层面的直接约束
+ * @tparam T 满足T extends AnywhereEditable<T, L>
+ * @tparam L 满足L extends AnywhereEditableList<T, L>
+ */
+template <typename T, typename L>
+class AnywhereEditable {
+public:
+	using Lst = std::conditional_t<std::is_same_v<L, void>, AnywhereEditableList<T, L>, L>;
+
+private:
+	friend class AnywhereIterator<T, L>;
+	friend class AnywhereEditableList<T, L>;
+	friend class AnywhereIteratorEnd;
+	friend L;
+	AnywhereEditable* prev = nullptr;
+	AnywhereEditable* next = nullptr;
+	AnywhereEditableList<T, L>* list = nullptr; // 指示自身属于某个列表
+	bool managedByList = false; // 指示是否在列表内管理内存，而非列表外管理内存
+public:
+	byte reserved[7]{}; // reserved[0]: Task::schedulePop
+
+	AnywhereEditable() = default;
+	AnywhereEditable(const AnywhereEditable&) {}
+
+	AnywhereEditable(AnywhereEditable&& other) noexcept : prev(other->prev), next(other->next), list(other->list) {
+		other->prev = nullptr;
+		other->next = nullptr;
+		other->list = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	virtual ~AnywhereEditable() {
+		if (list) {
+			managedByList = false;
+			auto lst = list;
+			list = nullptr;
+			lst->pop(static_cast<T*>(this));
+			Logger.warn(L"~AnywhereEditable() : 析构时没有清除list，导致了析构时pop");
+		}
+	}
+
+	int pushCopy(AnywhereEditableList<T, L>& list) noexcept;
+	int pushThis(AnywhereEditableList<T, L>& list) noexcept;
+	virtual int pop() noexcept;
+	AnywhereEditableList<T, L>* getContainer() const noexcept { return list; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+class AnywhereIterator {
+	friend class AnywhereIteratorEnd;
+	AnywhereEditable<T, L>* current;
+
+public:
+	AnywhereIterator(AnywhereEditable<T, L>* current) : current(current) {}
+	AnywhereIterator(const AnywhereIterator& other) = default;
+
+	T& operator*() noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->next) return static_cast<T&>(*current);
+		throw RuntimeException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator*() : next is null, end of list");
+	}
+
+	T* operator->() noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->next) return &static_cast<T&>(*current);
+		throw RuntimeException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator*() : next is null, end of list");
+	}
+
+	bool operator!=(const AnywhereIterator& other) const noexcept { return current != other.current; }
+	bool operator==(const AnywhereIterator& other) const noexcept { return current == other.current; }
+	bool operator!=(const AnywhereIteratorEnd& other) const noexcept;
+	bool operator==(const AnywhereIteratorEnd& other) const noexcept;
+
+	AnywhereIterator& operator++() noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->next) current = current->next;
+		else throw InvalidOperationException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator++() : end of list");
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	AnywhereIterator operator++(int) noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->next) {
+			AnywhereIterator ret = *this;
+			current = current->next;
+			return ret;
+		}
+		throw InvalidOperationException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator++() : end of list");
+	}
+
+	AnywhereIterator& operator--() noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->prev) current = current->prev;
+		else throw InvalidOperationException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator--() : begin of list");
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	AnywhereIterator operator--(int) noexcept(false) {
+		if (current->prev) {
+			AnywhereIterator ret = *this;
+			current = current->prev;
+			return ret;
+		}
+		throw InvalidOperationException(L"AnywhereIterator::operator--() : begin of list");
+	}
+};
+
+class AnywhereIteratorEnd {
+public:
+	AnywhereIteratorEnd() = default;
+	AnywhereIteratorEnd(const AnywhereIteratorEnd& other) = delete;
+	AnywhereIteratorEnd(AnywhereIteratorEnd&& other) = delete;
+
+	template <typename T, typename L>
+	bool operator!=(const AnywhereIterator<T, L>& other) const noexcept { return other.current && other.current->next; }
+
+	template <typename T, typename L>
+	bool operator==(const AnywhereIterator<T, L>& other) const noexcept { return !operator!=(other); }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+class AnywhereEditableList {
+protected:
+	AnywhereEditable<T, L> head;
+	AnywhereEditable<T, L> tail;
+
+public:
+	AnywhereEditableList() {
+		head.next = &tail;
+		tail.prev = &head;
+	}
+
+	virtual ~AnywhereEditableList() { for (AnywhereIterator<T, L> it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {} }
+
+	int pushCopy(T* value) noexcept;
+	int pushThis(T* value) noexcept;
+	int pushNewed(T* value) noexcept;
+	virtual int pop(T* value) noexcept;
+	AnywhereIterator<T, L> begin() noexcept { return AnywhereIterator<T, L>(head.next); }
+	[[nodiscard]] AnywhereIteratorEnd end() noexcept { return {}; }
+	AnywhereIterator<T, L> begin() const noexcept { return AnywhereIterator<T, L>(head.next); }
+	[[nodiscard]] AnywhereIteratorEnd end() const noexcept { return {}; }
+	AnywhereEditable<T, L>* front() const noexcept { return head.next == &tail ? nullptr : head.next; }
+	AnywhereEditable<T, L>* back() const noexcept { return tail.prev == &head ? nullptr : tail.prev; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditable<T, L>::pushCopy(AnywhereEditableList<T, L>& list) noexcept { return list.pushCopy(static_cast<T*>(this)); }
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditable<T, L>::pushThis(AnywhereEditableList<T, L>& list) noexcept { return list.pushThis(static_cast<T*>(this)); }
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditable<T, L>::pop() noexcept {
+	if (!list) {
+		Logger.error(L"AnywhereEditable::pop() : list is null");
+		Failed();
+	}
+	return list->pop(static_cast<T*>(this));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+bool AnywhereIterator<T, L>::operator!=(const AnywhereIteratorEnd& other) const noexcept { return other != *this; }
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+bool AnywhereIterator<T, L>::operator==(const AnywhereIteratorEnd& other) const noexcept { return other == *this; }
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditableList<T, L>::pushCopy(T* value) noexcept {
+	T* nv = allocatedFor(new T(*value));
+	return pushNewed(nv);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditableList<T, L>::pushThis(T* value) noexcept {
+	if (value->list) {
+		Logger.error(L"AnywhereEditableList::pushThis() : value is already in a list");
+		Failed();
+	}
+	value->list = this;
+	tail.prev->next = value;
+	value->prev = tail.prev;
+	value->next = &tail;
+	tail.prev = value;
+	Success();
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditableList<T, L>::pushNewed(T* value) noexcept {
+	const int ret = pushThis(value);
+	if (ret) delete deallocating(value);
+	else value->managedByList = true;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename L>
+int AnywhereEditableList<T, L>::pop(T* value) noexcept {
+	if (value->list != this) {
+		Logger.error(L"AnywhereEditableList::pop() : value is not in this list");
+		Failed();
+	}
+	value->list = nullptr;
+	value->next->prev = value->prev;
+	value->prev->next = value->next;
+	if (value->managedByList) gc.submit(value);
+	Success();
+}

src/warnings.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//
+// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-3-13.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#pragma warning(disable: 4554)
+#pragma warning(default: 4555)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4996)
+#pragma warning(disable: 5030)

xWindows.h

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Created by EmsiaetKadosh on 25-1-18.
-//
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "Window.h"
-
-class StartWindow : public Window {
-public:
-	StartWindow() {
-		Button* button = new Button(0, 0, 0.4, 0.08, Location::CENTER, TranslatableText(L"123"));
-		widgets.push_back(button);
-	}
-};